Circuit Operation Principle The infrared automatic hand washing circuit consists of a power supply circuit, an infrared transmitting circuit, an infrared receiving processing circuit and a control execution circuit, as shown in Figure 9-123.
The power circuit is composed of a power switch S, a fuse FU, a power transformer T, a rectifier bridge stack UR, capacitors C1, C2, and a three-terminal voltage regulator integrated circuit IC1.
The infrared transmitting circuit is composed of a non-gate integrated circuit 1C3 (D1, D2), a resistor Rl-R4, a capacitor C3, a transistor V1, and an infrared light emitting diode VL.
The infrared receiving processing circuit is composed of an infrared photodiode VD2, resistors R7 and R8, a potentiometer RP, a capacitor C4-C7 and an infrared processing integrated circuit IC2.
The control execution circuit is composed of resistors R5, R6, a diode VD1, a transistor V2, a solid state relay KN, and an electromagnetic water valve YV.
Turn on the power switch S, the AC 220V voltage is regulated by T step-down, UR rectification, Cl filtering and ICl voltage regulation, and provides +5V working voltage for the infrared transmitting circuit, infrared receiving processing circuit and control execution circuit.
After the infrared transmitting circuit is energized, the pulse oscillator composed of the non-gates D1, D2 and R1, R2, and C3 oscillates to generate an oscillation signal of 38 kHz. After the oscillating signal is amplified by V1, the VL is driven to emit modulated infrared light.
Normally, VD2 does not receive the infrared light emitted by VL, and the 7 output of lC2 is high level, so that the circuit inside V2 and KN is in the off state, and YV does not work. When the hand is extended under the faucet, the infrared light emitted by the VL is reflected back by the hand, and the VD2 receives the reflected infrared light and converts it into an electrical signal. After the electrical signal is processed by the IC2 circuit, the output is low from the 7-pin. The level makes V2 turn on, and the circuit in KN also changes from off to on. When YV is energized, the faucet automatically discharges water. When the hand leaves the faucet, VD2 can't receive the reflected infrared light. The 7th pin of IC2 outputs high level again, V2 and KN are cut off, and YV is powered off and stops working.
Adjusting the resistance of the RP can change the sensitivity of the infrared light control.
Component selection
Rl-R8 uses 1/4W metal film resistor or carbon film resistor.
RP uses ultra-small synthetic carbon film potentiometers or variable resistors.
Both Cl and C2 are aluminum electrolytic capacitors with a withstand voltage of 16V; C3 and C6 are high-frequency ceramic capacitors or glass-glazed capacitors; C4, C5 and C7 are all monolithic capacitors.
VDl selects lN4148 type silicon switch diode for use; VD2 selects SE303 or TPLl04, TPLl07 type infrared photodiode.
VL selects PH302 or TLNl04, TLNl07 type infrared light-emitting diodes.
UR selects the rectifier bridge stack of IA and 5OV.
V1 and V2 select S9015 or C8550 silicon PNP transistors.
IC1 selects LM7805 type three-terminal regulator integrated circuit; IC2 selects CX2O106 or KA2184 type infrared signal processing integrated circuit; lC3 selects CD4069 or MCl4069 type non-gate integrated circuit.
KN selects SPll1O or TACO3A solid state relays.
YV selects AC 220V electromagnetic water valve.
T selects 3-5W, the secondary voltage is 6-9V power transformer.
S selects 5A, 220V AC power switch.
Strictly speaking, the Double-Sided PCB is one kind of the important PCB boards which is useful in PCB industry. They allow for the routing of traces around each other by jumping between a top and bottom layer by way of vias. Generally speaking, There are lines on both sides! The common PCBs can be seen such as, Rigid PCB, Flexible circuit board, Aluminum PCB and Metal Core PCB.
It need circuits on both sides. Via is the holes on boards, coated with metal and it can connect wires on both sides. Because the area of Double-sided PCB is twice as large as the Single-sided PCB, and because the wiring is interleaved, which is better suited for circuits that are more complex.
Someone may feel confused that if one Double-sided PCB, wires on both sides while Electronic parts only one side, is this a Double-sided board or a single onel? The answer is obvious. This kind of board is a Double-sided board, it's just install a component on the Double-sided board.So the question is, if a double-sided PCB has circuits on both sides, but only one side has electronic accessories, is it a double-sided PCB or a single-sided PCB? The answer is obvious. This kind of board is a double-sided circuit board. It only installs a component on the double-sided PCB.
Double sided circuit boards are one of the most popular types of PCBs as they enable manufacturers to produce more complex circuits, which can benefit uses in higher technology applications and electronics. There is an abundance of applications and electronics which double sided PCBs can be used in including: lighting systems, vending machines, amplifiers, car dashboards, and many more.
The manufacturing base material of PCB is rigid glass fiber laminate. In the actual manufacturing process, many types of PCB materials can be used. Which material to use is determined by the PCB designer to meet electrical, temperature and other related characteristics. However, the standard material commonly used is fiberglass, which we usually call FR4.
FR, which technically stands for "flame retardant", does not mean specific material, but refers to material grade. However, it is a glass fiber reinforced epoxy laminate with flame retardant standard UL94V-0.
FR4 is the most common and typical choice of rigid PCB materials. Usually we classify them into three categories:
Normal Tg = Material melting point over 130 degrees Celsius
Medium Tg = Material melting point more than 150 degrees Celsius
High Tg = Material melting point more than 170 degrees Celsius
Double-sided PCB is a widely used component in various applications, because it can achieve greater flexibility in designing more complex circuits. The following are some advantages of double sided PCB:
Single-sided PCB is the basic one, the spare parts are concentrated in one side, and the circuit is concentrated on the other. Because the wires only appear on the one side of themso we called Single-sided PCB. Because the single-sided PCB has many strict restrictions on the design circuit (because only one side, the wiring cannot cross and must move around the individual path), so it only used on earlier circuits.
Single-sided PCB diagram mainly used Network Printing(Screen Printing), that is, resist on copper surface, After etching, mark the welding resistance, and then finish the hole and the shape of the part by punching.
Single-sided printed circuit boards are widely used in many electronics whereas double sided circuit boards are often used in higher technology electronics.
Single-sided printed circuit boards are commonly used in an array of electronics and applications, including: camera systems, printers, radio equipment, calculators, and much more.
Single-sided circuit boards are considered to be one of the best choices for a wide range of applications due to the advantages that it provides. Here are a few advantages of single-sided printed circuit boards:
Many of the electronics found in everyday life function on double-sided PCBs. Applications of double-sided PCBs include:
The power circuit is composed of a power switch S, a fuse FU, a power transformer T, a rectifier bridge stack UR, capacitors C1, C2, and a three-terminal voltage regulator integrated circuit IC1.
The infrared transmitting circuit is composed of a non-gate integrated circuit 1C3 (D1, D2), a resistor Rl-R4, a capacitor C3, a transistor V1, and an infrared light emitting diode VL.
The infrared receiving processing circuit is composed of an infrared photodiode VD2, resistors R7 and R8, a potentiometer RP, a capacitor C4-C7 and an infrared processing integrated circuit IC2.
The control execution circuit is composed of resistors R5, R6, a diode VD1, a transistor V2, a solid state relay KN, and an electromagnetic water valve YV.
Turn on the power switch S, the AC 220V voltage is regulated by T step-down, UR rectification, Cl filtering and ICl voltage regulation, and provides +5V working voltage for the infrared transmitting circuit, infrared receiving processing circuit and control execution circuit.
After the infrared transmitting circuit is energized, the pulse oscillator composed of the non-gates D1, D2 and R1, R2, and C3 oscillates to generate an oscillation signal of 38 kHz. After the oscillating signal is amplified by V1, the VL is driven to emit modulated infrared light.
Normally, VD2 does not receive the infrared light emitted by VL, and the 7 output of lC2 is high level, so that the circuit inside V2 and KN is in the off state, and YV does not work. When the hand is extended under the faucet, the infrared light emitted by the VL is reflected back by the hand, and the VD2 receives the reflected infrared light and converts it into an electrical signal. After the electrical signal is processed by the IC2 circuit, the output is low from the 7-pin. The level makes V2 turn on, and the circuit in KN also changes from off to on. When YV is energized, the faucet automatically discharges water. When the hand leaves the faucet, VD2 can't receive the reflected infrared light. The 7th pin of IC2 outputs high level again, V2 and KN are cut off, and YV is powered off and stops working.
Adjusting the resistance of the RP can change the sensitivity of the infrared light control.
Component selection
Rl-R8 uses 1/4W metal film resistor or carbon film resistor.
RP uses ultra-small synthetic carbon film potentiometers or variable resistors.
Both Cl and C2 are aluminum electrolytic capacitors with a withstand voltage of 16V; C3 and C6 are high-frequency ceramic capacitors or glass-glazed capacitors; C4, C5 and C7 are all monolithic capacitors.
VDl selects lN4148 type silicon switch diode for use; VD2 selects SE303 or TPLl04, TPLl07 type infrared photodiode.
VL selects PH302 or TLNl04, TLNl07 type infrared light-emitting diodes.
UR selects the rectifier bridge stack of IA and 5OV.
V1 and V2 select S9015 or C8550 silicon PNP transistors.
IC1 selects LM7805 type three-terminal regulator integrated circuit; IC2 selects CX2O106 or KA2184 type infrared signal processing integrated circuit; lC3 selects CD4069 or MCl4069 type non-gate integrated circuit.
KN selects SPll1O or TACO3A solid state relays.
YV selects AC 220V electromagnetic water valve.
T selects 3-5W, the secondary voltage is 6-9V power transformer.
S selects 5A, 220V AC power switch.
Double Sided PCB - the most popular type of PCB in the industry
While single-sided PCBs are simple and ideal to use when possible, many circuits require two sides. Double-sided PCB boards offer a wide variety of possibilities for circuit board designers because they have more surface area and flexibility when routing traces. Using two sides instead of one also allows for a smaller board size overall, which can be important when building small-scale, integrated devices.Double-sided PCB is one of the most common types of PCB. Moreover, the two-sided PCB and the single-sided PCB are basically the same to some extent. The difference is that the single-sided PCB has only one conductive surface. That is to say, the one-sided PCB has copper on one side of the board, but the two-sided PCB has conductive layer on each side. The dielectric layer is surrounded by the copper layer of the circuit and welding masks on both sides. Technically, single-sided circuit boards will not be copper plated in boreholes. Passing holes allow manufacturers to create traces on both sides that are adjacent to each other and connected between layers. PCB manufacturers use double-sided PCBs for products that require elementary to intermediate circuit complexity. This type of PCB does not provide as much circuit complexity or density as multi-layer PCB, but it is the most economical choice in many applications.
Nowadays, double-sided printed circuit boards can be designed and manufactured in a variety of ways, including silver and gold surface treatment, high and low temperature and solder coating. This versatility enables them to power almost unlimited numbers of projects at cost-effective prices. Because of these advantages of double-sided PCB, double-sided PCB technology has become the most popular type of PCB in the industry.
What is Double-Sided PCB?
Strictly speaking, the Double-Sided PCB is one kind of the important PCB boards which is useful in PCB industry. They allow for the routing of traces around each other by jumping between a top and bottom layer by way of vias. Generally speaking, There are lines on both sides! The common PCBs can be seen such as, Rigid PCB, Flexible circuit board, Aluminum PCB and Metal Core PCB.
It need circuits on both sides. Via is the holes on boards, coated with metal and it can connect wires on both sides. Because the area of Double-sided PCB is twice as large as the Single-sided PCB, and because the wiring is interleaved, which is better suited for circuits that are more complex.
Someone may feel confused that if one Double-sided PCB, wires on both sides while Electronic parts only one side, is this a Double-sided board or a single onel? The answer is obvious. This kind of board is a Double-sided board, it's just install a component on the Double-sided board.So the question is, if a double-sided PCB has circuits on both sides, but only one side has electronic accessories, is it a double-sided PCB or a single-sided PCB? The answer is obvious. This kind of board is a double-sided circuit board. It only installs a component on the double-sided PCB.
Double sided circuit boards are one of the most popular types of PCBs as they enable manufacturers to produce more complex circuits, which can benefit uses in higher technology applications and electronics. There is an abundance of applications and electronics which double sided PCBs can be used in including: lighting systems, vending machines, amplifiers, car dashboards, and many more.
Double Layers PCB expands design capability and reduces physical sizes.
Double-Sided PCB material
The manufacturing base material of PCB is rigid glass fiber laminate. In the actual manufacturing process, many types of PCB materials can be used. Which material to use is determined by the PCB designer to meet electrical, temperature and other related characteristics. However, the standard material commonly used is fiberglass, which we usually call FR4.
FR, which technically stands for "flame retardant", does not mean specific material, but refers to material grade. However, it is a glass fiber reinforced epoxy laminate with flame retardant standard UL94V-0.
FR4 is the most common and typical choice of rigid PCB materials. Usually we classify them into three categories:
Normal Tg = Material melting point over 130 degrees Celsius
Medium Tg = Material melting point more than 150 degrees Celsius
High Tg = Material melting point more than 170 degrees Celsius
Double-Sided PCB construction
Double Sided PCB Layers
Benefits of Double-Sided PCBs
Double-sided PCB is a widely used component in various applications, because it can achieve greater flexibility in designing more complex circuits. The following are some advantages of double sided PCB:
- Improving circuit density and complexity: By having conductive layers on both sides, the component space of double-sided PCB is twice as large as that of single-sided PCB. It can easily increase the density and complexity of the circuit.
- Double-sided PCB is widely used: Double-sided PCB has circuit complexity and can be used for many common electronic products at reasonable prices. Use double-sided PCB to make popular electronic products for daily use.
- More suitable for more complex projects: Double-sided PCB is the same size as single-sided PCB, but has twice the component space. Design more complex projects with the same amount of space.
- Cost-effective manufacturing: Double-sided PCB has the ability to be used in a large number of projects, and the price is lower than multi-layer PCB, avoiding paying extra costs.
- Provide more design possibilities: at relatively low cost, you can greatly expand the number of projects available for your functions and budget. Creating innovations that a single-tier PCB cannot achieve.
- Redirect the PCB current while keeping the top free: You can use the bottom of the double-sided PCB as grounding copper casting for sinking and output current.
Double sided PCB boards is different from Single-sided PCB.
Single-sided PCB is the basic one, the spare parts are concentrated in one side, and the circuit is concentrated on the other. Because the wires only appear on the one side of themso we called Single-sided PCB. Because the single-sided PCB has many strict restrictions on the design circuit (because only one side, the wiring cannot cross and must move around the individual path), so it only used on earlier circuits.
Single-sided PCB diagram mainly used Network Printing(Screen Printing), that is, resist on copper surface, After etching, mark the welding resistance, and then finish the hole and the shape of the part by punching.
Single-sided printed circuit boards are widely used in many electronics whereas double sided circuit boards are often used in higher technology electronics.
Single-sided printed circuit boards are commonly used in an array of electronics and applications, including: camera systems, printers, radio equipment, calculators, and much more.
Benefits of Single-Sided PCBs
Single-sided circuit boards are considered to be one of the best choices for a wide range of applications due to the advantages that it provides. Here are a few advantages of single-sided printed circuit boards:
- The cost of manufacturing and producing single sided circuit boards are very cost-effective and affordable due to the simple and basic designs. These types of PCBs are widely understood by various manufacturers which makes single-sided boards the best choice for circuit designs that are simple and low density.
- As single-sided boards are less complex, there will undoubtedly be fewer problems during the manufacturing stage, which enables manufacturers to produce these boards at higher volumes and at faster speeds. Due to this, they are commonly used in many applications and electronics.
With higher volume orders, single-sided circuit boards can be more affordable and available at reduced costs.
Double-Sided PCB Applications
Many of the electronics found in everyday life function on double-sided PCBs. Applications of double-sided PCBs include:
- Industrial controls
- Power supplies
- Converters
- Control relays
- Instrumentation
- Regulators
- UPS systems
- Power conversion
- HVAC
- LED lighting
- Hard drives
- Printers
- Phone systems
- Power monitoring
- Automotive dashboards
- Line reactors
- Test equipment
- Amplifiers
- Traffic systems
- Vending machines
Double-Sided PCB fabrication
Double Sided PCB Home Made DIY
DIY Double Sided PCB
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- Advantages of Double Sided PCB
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