Moore's Law states that the number of transistors in integrated circuits doubles approximately every two years, and until now, this statement is almost true. Transistors are a basic part of electronic equipment; they amplify and switch electronic signals. The more transistors on the chip, the stronger the processing power. However, due to the quantum tunneling effect, the number of small transistors is limited, which makes it very difficult for the integrated circuit (ASIC) chip function of the cryptocurrency special mining application to become stronger.
Quantum tunneling is produced by the wave-particle bidirectionality of electrons, and is particularly related to the wave properties of electrons. The wave of electrons does not immediately stop on a barrier. It gradually becomes thinner, and if a barrier is small enough, then the wave of electrons will reach the other side of the barrier, although its attenuation is large. If enough electrons hit the barrier, some electrons can be effectively transmitted through the barrier.
In the case of transistors less than 5 nanometers, quantum tunneling will always be in the "on" state, which makes them unusable. Transistors need to be turned on and off with 100% accuracy for the computer to operate correctly, so quantum tunneling will affect a computer with too small transistors.
At present, the smallest transistor on the cryptocurrency mining chip is 7nm-Japanese GMO company has developed a 33 TH/s bitcoin mining device with 7nm transistors. Due to the quantum tunneling effect, scientists generally believe that 7nm is the smallest reliable size of a transistor. In fact, IBM developed 5-nanometer silicon chips in 2017, but different technologies must be used to achieve this goal. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory used molybdenum disulfide and nanotubes to develop 1-nanometer transistors, but they cannot mass-produce transistors to make chips. Even so, quantum tunneling may be a problem.
Perhaps by using brand-new technology to make transistors, quantum tunneling can be avoided, but when it comes to transistors on silicon wafers, they seem to only reach such a small scale, and the current technology is close to its limit. This will inhibit the acceleration and development of cryptocurrency mining hardware. Of course, mining manufacturers can put more chips into their equipment to produce a higher hash rate, but nothing can improve the hash rate better than having smaller and smaller transistors and mass-producing chips, because This can double the processing power
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