The acoustic properties of centrifugal glass wool are related not only to thickness and bulk density, but also to factors such as overcoat material and structural structure. In the construction application, it is also necessary to take into consideration various aspects such as cost, beauty, fire prevention, moisture resistance, dust, and aging resistance. In this paper, we will discuss the basic concepts of architectural acoustics related to centrifugal glass wool, building sound absorption applications, building sound insulation applications, building noise reduction applications, comparison of different acoustic products at home and abroad, and related national standards. Acoustic properties and applications of cotton.
First, the basic concept of architectural acoustics
1) The vibration of a sound object produces "sound", and the propagation of vibration forms a "sound". People perceive sound through the auditory organs. Sound is a physical phenomenon. Different voices have different feelings, and the same sounds vary from person to person. The fascinating music is intoxicating, and the clear and passionate speech is encouraging, but sometimes the sound of music from neighbors makes it difficult for people to fall asleep, and the sweet words between others may be annoying. Architectural acoustics is different from other physical acoustics. The main research objective is to make people get a good sound environment in the building. The problems involved are not limited to the sound itself, but also psychological feelings, architecture, structure, materials science and even group behavior. And so on.
The lower hearing limit of the human ear is 0 dB, and the environment below 15 dB is an extremely quiet environment, and quietness can be overwhelming. Most of the country's nights are 25-30dB. In addition to the natural sounds such as running water, wind, and small animals that can be experienced with care, other feelings are quiet. This is also the pure land pursued by urban people living in the hustle and bustle. The nights of the city vary from region to region. The room in a quieter area is generally 30-35dB. If you live in a bustling downtown area or near a traffic trunk, you will have to endure 40-50dB (or even higher) noise. If you happen to be a neighbor who is not reasonable. In the dead of night, when you are quiet, you will jump and scream, and you may have to suffer. The sound of normal speech is about 60-70dB, and the loud shout can reach 100dB. In Chinese restaurants, due to the lack of sound absorption, the voices will reach 70-80dB, and foreign studies have reported that eating in the noise will affect health. The upper limit of the human ear is generally 120 dB. Sounds exceeding 120 dB can cause damage to the hearing organs, and 140 dB of sound can cause people to lose their hearing. High-decibel speakers, heavy machinery, jet engines, etc. can produce more than 120dB of sound.
The human ear is very sensitive to hearing, and a normal person can perceive a 1 dB sound change, and a 3 dB difference will be noticeably different. The human ear has a masking effect. When one sound is 10 dB higher than the other sound, the smaller sound is difficult to be heard and understood due to masking. Due to the masking effect, even in close-range speech, it will be heard in a 90-100 dB environment. Unclear. The human ear has the ability to perceive the frequency of sound. People with high frequency have a "high-pitched" feeling. People with low-frequency sounds have a "bass" feeling. The normal auditory frequency range of the human ear is 20-20 KHz. The ear canal is similar to a small tube of 2-3 cm. Due to the frequency resonance, the sound is enhanced in the range of 2000-3000 Hz. This frequency is dominant in the consonants in the language, which is good for listening to language and communication. But the frequency of the earliest aging of the human ear is also in this range. It is generally considered that the low frequency is below 500 Hz, the intermediate frequency is 500 Hz-2000 Hz, and the high frequency is above 2000 Hz. The frequency range of the language is mainly concentrated in the intermediate frequency. The hearing sensitivity of the human ear varies according to the frequency. The lower the frequency or the higher the sensitivity, the better the sensitivity. That is to say, the same size sound, the intermediate frequency sounds better than the low frequency and high frequency sound.
2) Frequency characteristics
Sound can be broken down into a composite of several (even infinitely many) frequency components. In order to measure and describe the sound frequency characteristics, people use the spectrum. The frequency representation method is commonly used for octave and 1/3 octave. The center frequency of the octave is 10 frequencies of 31.5, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1K, 2K, 4K, 8K, 16KHz, and the latter frequency is twice the previous frequency, so it is called octave. Moreover, the frequency bandwidth of the latter frequency is also twice that of the previous frequency. In some more elaborate requirements, the frequency is divided more finely to form 1/3 octave, that is, each octave is subdivided into three frequency bands, and the center frequency is 20, 31.5, 40, 50. 63, 80, 100, 125, 160, 200, 250, 315, 400, 500, 630, 800, 1K, 1.25K, 1.6K, 2K, 2.5K, 3.15K, 4K, 5K, 6.3K, 8K, 10K 30 frequencies such as 12.5K, 16K, and 20KHz, the latter frequency is 21/3 times of the previous frequency. In actual engineering, the part that is sensitive to the human ear is more concerned. Therefore, in addition to conducting necessary scientific research, the frequency range considered in most cases is 100 Hz to 5 kHz. If the frequency component of the sound is plotted as a curve, the spectrum is formed.
For a variety of architectural acoustic materials, acoustic performance is different at different frequency conditions. Some materials have good high-frequency sound absorption performance, some materials have good low-frequency sound absorption performance, and some materials have good sound absorption performance for certain frequencies, and they are different. The same is true for other acoustic properties such as sound insulation.
3) Decibel and A sound level
Decibels are the hardest to understand for non-professionals, but decibels are familiar to professionals. The decibel (dB) is named after the American telephone inventor Bell, because the unit of the shell is too large, so the decibel is used, representing 1/10 shell.
The concept of decibel is special. Its operation is not linear proportional, but is logarithmic. For example, two speakers emit 60dB of sound respectively, which is not 120dB but 63dB. If a sound absorbing material absorbs 80% of the sound energy, the sound is reduced by not 0.8 dB or 80 dB but 10 lg (1 - 0.8) = 7 dB. If the sound insulation of a certain partition wall is 50dB, the sound that passes through is 0.00001. Decibel calculations are complex and require expert knowledge to complete.
When using decibels to describe a sound, you need to give the frequency at the same time. For any sound, the number of decibels for different frequencies may be different. We can say what the sound pressure level is at a certain frequency, or what the sound absorption coefficient is, or what the sound insulation is.
The concept of A sound level will confuse ordinary people. The sound level is the sound size obtained by adding the sound weights of the respective frequencies (not simply arithmetic addition), and the A sound level is the size of the sounds of the respective frequencies after being added through the A-weighted network, and the A sound level is reflected. The auditory characteristics of the human ear that are insensitive to low frequencies and high frequencies. For example, if the sound pressure level of 100 Hz is 80 dB, when calculating the A sound level, it will be calculated by subtracting 50.5 dB from the weight, that is, calculated by 29.5 dB; and the sound pressure level of 1 KHz is 80 dB, and the weighting value is 0 dB, that is, Still calculated at 80dB. The purpose of the A sound level is that the larger the A sound level, the louder the sound sounds. A sound level decibel is usually counted as dBA. Many noise-related national codes are based on the A-level.
4) Sound absorption
Sound absorption is a phenomenon of energy loss after sound waves hit the surface of the material, and sound absorption can reduce the indoor sound pressure level. The indicator describing the sound absorption is the sound absorption coefficient a, which represents the ratio of the absorbed sound energy to the incident sound energy. In theory, if a material completely reflects the sound, then its a = 0; if a material absorbs all of the incident sound energy, then its a = 1. In fact, a of all materials is between 0 and 1, that is, it is impossible to totally reflect, and it is impossible to absorb them all.
There will be different sound absorption coefficients at different frequencies. The sound absorption coefficient frequency characteristic curve is used to describe the sound absorption performance of the material at different frequencies. According to the ISO standard and the national standard, the frequency range of the sound absorption coefficient in the sound absorption test report is 100-5 KHz. The average value of the sound absorption coefficient of 100-5 KHz is the average sound absorption coefficient, and the average sound absorption coefficient reflects the sound absorption performance of the material as a whole. In the engineering, the noise reduction coefficient NRC is often used to roughly evaluate the sound absorption performance in the language frequency range. This value is the arithmetic mean of the sound absorption coefficients of the materials at the four frequencies of 250, 500, 1K, 2K, rounded to the nearest 0.05. Materials with NRC less than 0.2 are generally considered to be reflective materials, and materials with NRC greater than 0.4 are considered to be sound absorbing materials. When it is necessary to absorb a large amount of sound energy to reduce indoor reverberation and noise, it is often recommended to use a material with a high sound absorption coefficient. Centrifugal glass wool is a high NRC sound absorbing material, and the NRC of a 5cm thick 24kg/m3 centrifugal glass wool can reach 0.90.
Porous sound absorbing materials, such as centrifugal glass wool, rock wool, mineral wool, plant fiber spraying, etc., the sound absorption mechanism is that there are a lot of tiny pores inside the material, along which the sound waves can penetrate into the interior of the material, and the friction with the material will sound. Can be converted into heat. The sound absorbing property of the porous sound absorbing material is that the sound absorption coefficient gradually increases as the frequency increases, which means that the low frequency absorption has no high frequency absorption. A perforated plate with an air layer on the wall or ceiling, even if the material itself has poor sound absorption properties, this structure also has sound absorbing properties, such as perforated gypsum board, wood board, metal plate, even slit brick, etc. The sound absorption mechanism is Helmholtz resonance. Similar to the thermos bottle, the external space and the internal space are connected by a narrow bottleneck. When the sound wave is incident, a sharp resonance occurs between the air and the internal space of the neck at the resonance frequency. Sound energy. Helmholtz resonance absorption is characterized by a large sound absorption coefficient only at certain frequencies. When a film or a thin plate forms a cavity with other structures, it can also absorb sound, such as a wooden board, a metal plate, etc. The sound absorbing mechanism of this structure is thin plate resonance, and at the resonance frequency, a large amount of sound energy is absorbed due to the severe vibration of the thin plate. Thin plate resonance absorption mostly has good sound absorption performance at low frequencies.
5) Reverb and reverberation time
Reverberation is the result of the sound in the room being constantly reflected by the interface. Reverberation can increase the sound of the room by 15dB and reduce the language clarity. For music playing spaces, such as concert halls and theaters, reverberation is needed to make the music more soothing and enjoyable. Spaces for language use, such as cinemas, classrooms, auditoriums, recording studios, etc., need to reduce reverberation to make speech more clear. Therefore, rooms with different usage requirements require different reverberation effects.
The indicator describing the reverb effect is the reverberation time, which is the time in seconds that the sound pressure level is attenuated by 60 dB after the indoor sound source stops sounding. There is a mathematical relationship between reverberation time and indoor sound absorption, which is the famous Sebin formula in architectural acoustics: T=0.161V/(S×a), where T is the reverberation time, V is the room volume, and S is the room wall. The total surface area, a, is the average sound absorption coefficient of the room surface. It can be seen from the Sabin formula that the larger the volume of the room, the longer the reverberation time; the larger the average sound absorption coefficient, the shorter the reverberation time. If there is a huge space such as a gymnasium, if the sound absorption process is not performed, the reverberation time will be very long, which will seriously affect the language clarity. Since the indoor sound absorption is related to the frequency, the reverberation time of different frequencies is also different. The room sound quality index often refers to the intermediate frequency reverberation time. According to research, in terms of ideal reverberation time (intermediate frequency), the concert hall is 1.8-2.2 seconds, the theater is 1.3-1.5 seconds, the multi-purpose auditorium is 1.0-1.4 seconds, the cinema is 0.6-1.0 seconds, and the classroom is 0.4. -0.8 seconds, the studio is 0.2-0.4 seconds, and the gym is less than 2.0 seconds. Correct application of sound absorbing materials in architectural design can control the reverberation time and ensure that the sound quality meets the requirements of use.
6) Sound insulation
In order to ensure the privacy of the indoor environment and reduce the influence of external sounds, sound insulation is required between rooms. Sound insulation and sound absorption are completely different concepts. Good sound absorption materials are not necessarily good sound insulation materials. There are three forms of sound entering the building maintenance structure. 1) Enter directly through the hole. 2) Sound waves hit the wall causing the wall to vibrate and radiate sound. 3) The object hits the ground or the wall creates structural vibration and radiates sound. The first two methods are airborne sound transmission, and the third way is impact sound transmission.
The indicator describing the sound insulation performance of airborne sound is the sound insulation. The definition of sound insulation is R=10lg(1/Ï„), where Ï„ is the ratio of transmitted sound energy to incident sound energy, and the unit of sound insulation is dB. The amount of sound insulation can be roughly understood as the difference between the sound decibels on both sides of the wall, but it is definitely not as simple as the difference. The sound insulation of the hole is R=0dB, the sound insulation of the partition wall that blocks 99% of the sound energy is 20dB, and the sound insulation of the partition wall that blocks 99.999% of the acoustic energy is 50dB.
The sound insulation of the wall at different frequencies is generally not the same. The general rule is that the high frequency sound insulation is better than the low frequency. The frequency characteristics of the sound insulation of different materials are very different. In order to compare the sound insulation performance of different materials and structures with a single index, people use the weighted sound insulation Rw. Rw is obtained by comparing the standard evaluation curve with the frequency characteristic curve of the wall sound insulation. The standard evaluation curve is in line with the low-insensitive auditory characteristics of the human ear. The specific evaluation method can be found in GBJ121-88 “Evaluation Standard for Building Sound Insulationâ€.
There is a mass law for the sound insulation of the partition wall, that is, the heavier the sound insulation performance of the single-wall, the double the quality of the unit area and the sound insulation by 6dB. The 120 wall brick has an areal density of 260 kg/m2 and the sound insulation is 46-48 dB; the 240 brick wall has an areal density of 520 kg/m2 and the sound insulation is 52-54 dB. The brick wall is too heavy and the structural load is heavy. The use of clay bricks is also not conducive to the protection of cultivated land. Therefore, the light wall can be widely used. In order to achieve good sound insulation performance of the light wall, it is necessary to use a method of filling the sound absorbing material in the multi-layer wall panel. The double-sided double-layer gypsum board wall filled with glass wool in 75 keel has an areal density of only 60kg/m2, and the sound insulation can reach 50dB. The sound insulation of a 90-thick aerated concrete slab with the same areal density is only 36 dB. For residential sound insulation, Rw should be at least greater than 45 dB, preferably greater than 50 dB.
The indicator describing the sound insulation performance of the impact sound is the impact sound pressure level, which is different from the “decibel number of sound separation†expressed by the air sound insulation volume, but indicates the use of a standard striker (a type capable of generating a standard impact) The energy of the device) when hitting the floor, the size of the sound downstairs. The greater the impact sound pressure level, the worse the sound insulation ability of the floor impact sound transmission, and vice versa. The impact sound pressure level reflects the amount of sound that people produce when they are upstairs. The sound pressure level of the floor impact varies with frequency. In order to compare the performance of the isolated impact sound of different floors with a single index, people use the weighted impact sound pressure level Lpn, w. Lpn,w is also obtained by comparing the standard evaluation curve with the impact sound frequency characteristic curve. The specific evaluation method can be found in GBJ121-88 "Building sound insulation evaluation standard".
The ideal residential floor slab weighting impact pressure level should be less than 65dB. However, the heavy-duty impact of the common 10cm thick concrete floor slab is 80-82dB. The sound insulation problem of the floor is more serious. The residents complain more, who has not heard the footsteps upstairs and the children’s running experience. What? The method of floating floor can improve the sound insulation performance of the floor. For example, a layer of high-density glass wool damping cushion is laid on the structural floor and 40mm thick concrete floor is used. The weighted impact sound pressure level can be less than 60dB. [page]
Second, the application of centrifugal glass wool in building sound absorption
1) Sound absorption mechanism of centrifugal glass wool
Centrifugal glass wool is a porous sound absorbing material with good sound absorption properties. The reason why centrifugal glass wool can absorb sound is not because of the rough surface, but because of the large number of tiny pores and pores that communicate inside and outside. When sound waves are incident on the centrifugal glass wool, sound waves can enter the inside of the material along the pores, causing vibration of air molecules in the gap. Due to the viscous resistance of the air and the friction between the air molecules and the pore walls, the acoustic energy is converted into heat energy and lost. The necessary condition for sound absorption of porous materials is that the material has a large number of voids, and the voids communicate with each other, and the pores penetrate into the interior of the material. One of the misconceptions is that a material with a rough surface has sound absorbing properties. Actually, for example, a brushed cement or a surface convex or concave stone has substantially no sound absorbing ability. The second misunderstanding is that materials with a large number of holes inside the material, such as polyphenylene, polyethylene, closed-cell polyurethane, etc., have good sound absorption properties. In fact, these materials cannot penetrate due to the lack of connectivity of internal pores. The internal vibration of the material is frictional, so the sound absorption coefficient is small.
There are two methods for measuring the sound absorption coefficient of a material, one is the reverberation chamber method, and the other is the standing wave tube method. The reverberation chamber method measures the sound absorption coefficient when the sound is randomly incident, that is, the ratio of the energy loss when the sound is injected into the material from all directions, and the standing wave tube method measures the sound absorption coefficient when the sound is normally incident, and the sound incident angle is only 90 degrees. . The sound absorption coefficients measured by the two methods are different. The most commonly used in engineering is the sound absorption coefficient measured by the reverberation chamber method, because the sound incidence is random in the actual application of the building. In some measurement reports, the sound absorption coefficient is greater than 1, which is caused by the laboratory conditions of the measurement. In theory, the sound energy absorbed by any material cannot be greater than the incident sound energy, and the sound absorption coefficient is always less than 1. Any measured sound absorption coefficient value greater than 1 cannot be used greater than 1 in actual acoustic engineering calculations, and may be calculated at a maximum of 1.
In the room, the sound will quickly fill all corners, so the sound absorbing material such as centrifugal glass wool is placed on any surface of the room to absorb sound. The louder the sound absorption coefficient of the sound absorbing material, the more the sound absorption area, the more obvious the sound absorption effect. Centrifugal glass wool can be made into various building sound absorbing members such as sound absorbing ceilings, sound absorbing wall panels, and spatial sound absorbing bodies.
2) Factors affecting the sound absorption coefficient of centrifugal glass wool
Centrifugal glass wool has good sound absorption performance for high frequency in sound. The main factors affecting the sound absorption performance of centrifugal glass wool are thickness, density, porosity, structural factor and air flow resistance. Density is the weight of material per cubic meter. Porosity is the ratio of the pore volume to the total volume of the material in the material. The structural factor reflects the arrangement of fibers or particles inside the centrifugal glass wool, and is a physical quantity that measures the distribution of micropores or slits in the material. The air flow resistance is the ratio of the air pressure to the air flow rate on both sides of the material per unit thickness.
Air flow resistance is the most important factor affecting the sound absorption performance of centrifugal glass wool. The flow resistance is too small, indicating that the material is sparse, the air vibration is easy to pass through, and the sound absorption performance is degraded; the flow resistance is too large, indicating that the material is dense, the air vibration is difficult to be introduced, and the sound absorption performance is also lowered. For centrifugal glass wool, the sound absorption performance has the best flow resistance. In actual engineering, it is difficult to measure the air flow resistance, but it can be roughly estimated and controlled by thickness and bulk density. 1) As the thickness increases, the mid-low frequency sound absorption coefficient increases remarkably, but the high frequency does not change much (high-frequency absorption is always large). 2) The thickness is constant, the bulk density increases, and the sound absorption coefficient of the middle and low frequency also increases; but when the bulk density increases to a certain extent, the material becomes dense, the flow resistance is greater than the optimal flow resistance, and the sound absorption coefficient decreases. For centrifugal glass wool with a bulk density of more than 5 cm and a bulk density of 16 kg/m3, the low frequency 125 Hz is about 0.2, and the sound absorption coefficient of medium and high frequency (>500 Hz) is already close to one. When the thickness continues to increase from 5 cm, the sound absorption coefficient of the low frequency gradually increases. When the thickness is more than 1 m, the sound absorption coefficient of the low frequency 125 Hz will also be close to 1. When the thickness of 5cm is constant and the bulk density is increased, the low-frequency sound absorption coefficient of centrifugal glass wool will also increase continuously. When the bulk density is close to 110kg/m3, the sound absorption performance reaches the maximum value, and the frequency is close to 0.6-0.7 at 125Hz. When the bulk density exceeds 120kg/m3, the sound absorption performance decreases, because the material becomes dense, and the mid-high frequency sound absorption performance is greatly affected. When the bulk density exceeds 300kg/m3, the sound absorption performance is already small. The thickness of sound-absorbing glass wool commonly used in architectural acoustics is 2.5cm, 5cm, 10cm, and the bulk density is 16, 24, 32, 48, 80, 96, 112kg/m3.
The sound absorption performance of centrifugal glass wool is also closely related to the installation conditions. When there is an air layer behind the glass wool board, the sound absorption effect of the glass wool board having the same thickness and no air layer is similar. In particular, the sound absorption performance of the middle and low frequency is much higher than that of the material on the hard bottom surface, and the sound absorption coefficient will increase as the thickness of the air layer increases, but the effect is not obvious after increasing to a certain value.
The use of glass wool stacks of different bulk densities together to form a form of increasing bulk density allows for greater sound absorption. For example, a sound absorption effect of a 2.5 cm thick 24 kg/m3 cotton board and a 2.5 cm thick 32 kg/m3 cotton board is better than a 5 cm thick 32 kg/m3 cotton board. The 24kg/m3 glass wool board is made into a 1m-long triangular tip, and the material density increases gradually, and the average sound absorption coefficient can be close to 1.
In the construction of centrifugal glass wool, the surface is often attached with a certain sound-permeable finish, such as plastic film less than 0.5mm, metal mesh, window screen, fireproof cloth, glass cloth, etc., which can basically maintain the original sound absorption characteristics. If the breathability of the finish is poor, such as a plastic film, the high-frequency sound absorption characteristics will decrease.
3) Common centrifugal glass wool sound absorbing building components
Centrifugal glass wool has excellent properties such as fireproofing, heat preservation and easy cutting. It is one of the most commonly used materials for building sound absorption. However, since the surface of the centrifugal glass wool is not decorative, and there is a fiber sprinkling, it is necessary to make various sound absorbing members concealed.
The most commonly used and least expensive construction is a paper perforated gypsum board ceiling or a wall filled with centrifugal glass wool. Helmholtz resonance absorption can be formed when there is an air layer between the paper perforated gypsum board and the wall or ceiling. Generally, the air layer is 5cm, 10cm, 20cm, 40cm, and the air layer of the ceiling may be larger. When the centrifugal glass wool is filled in the cavity, the efficiency of the resonance sound absorption is also greatly improved due to the sound absorption of the glass wool itself, the sound absorption coefficient is greatly improved, the frequency range of the resonance peak of the sound absorption curve is widened, and the medium and high frequency sound absorption is obtained. Improved performance. The thickness of the cavity is up to 20cm, and the glass wool filled in the cavity only needs 5cm thick, and the bulk density is 16-24kg/m3, which can achieve a good sound absorption effect. Of course, sound absorption performance is also related to factors such as perforation rate, aperture, and plate thickness. Similar to the perforated gypsum board, there are perforated metal plates (such as aluminum plates), perforated wood boards, perforated fiber cement boards, perforated mineral wool boards, etc., and the back cavity of these materials can be greatly improved after being filled with centrifugal glass wool. Sound absorption performance. In order to prevent the glass wool fiber from spilling out, it is necessary to attach a layer of a sound-permeable fabric such as a non-woven fabric or a mulberry paper to the back of the perforated plate, or to wrap the glass wool with a glass cloth, a plastic film or the like.
The glass wool board can be processed into a sound absorbing ceiling board or a sound absorbing wall board. Generally, 80-120kg/m3 glass wool board is cured by glue curing, and the fire-proof sound-permeable fabric is formed to form a sound-absorbing wall board which is both beautiful and convenient to install. The common size is 1.2m×1.2m, 1.2m×0.6m, 0.6 m × 0.6 m, thickness 2.5 cm or 5 cm. There is also a sound absorbing ceiling plate formed by directly spraying a sound-permeable decorative material on the surface of the glass wool of 110 Kg/m3. Whether it is a glass wool sound absorbing wall panel or a sound absorbing ceiling panel, it is necessary to use a high bulk glass wool and a certain strengthening treatment to prevent the sheet from being deformed or too soft. This type of building material has good decorative properties and retains the good sound absorption characteristics of centrifugal glass wool. The noise reduction coefficient NRC can generally reach above 0.85.
In a large space such as a gymnasium or a workshop, in order to absorb noise and reduce noise, a sound absorbing body using centrifugal glass wool as a main sound absorbing material is often used. The sound absorbing body can be made into a plate shape, a column shape, a cone or other shaped body as required. The sound absorbing body is filled with centrifugal glass wool, and the surface is wrapped with a sound-permeable surface layer. Since the sound absorbing body has a plurality of surface sound absorbing sounds, the sound absorbing efficiency is high.
In the road sound insulation barrier, in order to prevent noise reflection, it is necessary to take sound absorption measures on the side facing the vehicle, and often also use centrifugal glass wool as a filling material and a barrier plate whose surface layer is a perforated metal plate. In order to prevent the glass wool from absorbing water and moisture outside, it is sometimes wrapped with PVC or plastic film.
4) Some construction sites using centrifugal glass wool to absorb sound
In general halls, including language, music or comprehensive performance halls, such as concert halls, lecture halls, theaters, cinemas, auditoriums, stadiums, multi-purpose halls, conference rooms, studios, recording studios, listening rooms, rehearsal rooms, Museums, exhibition halls, KTV rooms, offices, business halls, reception rooms, auction halls, waiting rooms (computer) rooms, courtrooms, etc. all need sound absorption to obtain good sound quality; in rooms that require noise control, such as restaurants, Libraries, galleries, fitness centers, shopping centers, hotel lobbies, wards, workshops, etc. also need sound absorption and noise reduction; civilian residential bedrooms, study rooms, home theaters, etc., which require special sound quality, require sound absorption. Centrifugal glass wool can be used for sound absorption in these places. Of course, comprehensive factors such as building structure, appearance, fire prevention, dust, and cleaning must be considered.
Perforated panels or sound-transparent fabrics are commonly used in the concert halls, the back wall of the theater or the two-story front railings to prevent surface defects such as echoes. In a room having a concave curved surface, in order to prevent sound focusing from affecting sound quality, it is necessary to use sound absorbing processing. In the auditorium, hall, multi-purpose hall, cinema, etc., in order to ensure good speech intelligibility, sound-absorbing materials must be installed on walls, ceilings, etc. according to calculations, such as gymnasiums, exhibition halls, business halls, etc. A volume of room may also require the use of a spatial sound absorber. In the restaurant, due to the noisy staff, the sound-absorbing decoration can get a good dining environment. For example, McDonald's, KFC and other foreign fast-food restaurants pay more attention to indoor sound absorption treatment, and the restaurant is quiet and peaceful with the light music. When the sound quality requirements such as the studio, studio, and listening room are more stringent, sound absorption must be performed according to the design requirements. In industrial plants, in order to reduce the noise of the machine roar, it is necessary to use sound absorption and noise reduction. In the KTV room, proper sound absorption can make music and singing more beautiful, and prevent feedback whistling due to the close distance between the speaker and the singer's microphone.
The best centrifugal glass wool sound absorption treatment is to integrate the material organically with the building, instead of deliberately sucking the sound for sound absorption, and should create a good acoustic environment without knowing it. Ceilings, walls, sound absorbers, etc. should be a natural part of the building decoration. Good acoustic design can not make people feel that the sound absorption material is a bit awkward. In some halls and lecture halls, the designer applied the glass wool soft bag material and the metal perforated aluminum plate with glass wool to the decoration effect, and with the peaceful lighting, the visual and the auditory are enjoyable. Building sound absorption treatment is often overlooked, but when there are many problems due to the lack of sound absorption treatment, it will be very difficult to solve. In a government “one-stop†office reform, the administrative departments of industry and commerce, taxation, and administration are concentrated in a 3,000 m2 open hall. The ceiling of the hall is a gypsum board ceiling, and the walls are smooth marble. It is a glass partition, and the indoor voice is full of people. In such a bad sound environment, it is impossible to go through the formalities. The government has requested rectification within a time limit, but due to various factors such as funding, changes in the original design effect, and the impact of construction on office use, it is much more difficult to change the sound design than before. [page]
Third, the application of centrifugal glass wool in the sound insulation of the wall
1) Sound insulation principle of centrifugal glass wool in the wall
Because of the limitation of the mass law, a single-wall wall must be a heavy wall to obtain good sound insulation performance. For residential wall, in order to meet the national minimum standard Rw=40dB, the single-layer partition wall needs at least 100kg/m2 of areal density (area density is the weight per square meter of wall). If the wall is divided into two or more layers, the amount of sound insulation will increase significantly. This is because when the sound hits the first layer of the wallboard, the transmitted part will enter the cavity between the two wallboards. After being reflected back and forth in the cavity for a number of times, part of it is transmitted to the opposite side of the wall, and the other part is lost. . At the same time, the cavity between the two layers has a spring-like effect, so that the wallboard system has the elasticity to facilitate the consumption of sound, and further sound insulation. If the sound absorbing material such as centrifugal glass wool is filled in the cavity, the sound reflected back and forth in the cavity during the sound propagation will be greatly attenuated, and the sound insulation amount is greatly improved. For a 120-thick brick wall, the sound insulation from about 45dB to more than 50dB requires a double weight, which requires 240 brick walls. For the 75 light steel keel double-sided double-layer 12 gypsum board partition wall, only a layer of 50 thick 24Kkg/m3 glass wool is added in the cavity, and the weighted sound insulation is increased from 44dB to 50dB. It can be seen that the influence of the sound absorbing material in the partition wall cavity on the sound insulation is very important. According to the measurement, two layers of 50 thick 24Kkg/m3 were added to the light wall of the six-layer 12-gypsum gypsum board with three layers of 75 keels (three wall panels, two layers of gypsum board and two keel cavities). Glass wool, the weight of the sound insulation will reach Rw = 60dB, which is the sound insulation of the half-meter thick concrete partition wall.
However, even if the lightweight multi-layer partition wall is filled with sound absorbing materials such as centrifugal glass wool, the low-frequency sound insulation ability cannot be completely compared with the heavy-duty wall, and the weighted sound insulation is also the concrete wall and the light wall of Rw=50dB. In comparison, at a frequency of 125 Hz, the sound insulation of the concrete partition wall is R=40 dB, and the sound insulation of the light wall is only about 23, 24 dB. A favorable factor is that the human ear is not sensitive to low frequencies, so in most language environments, the light wall can fully meet the sound insulation requirements, but in the case of mechanical noise, discotheque and other low-frequency sounds, it is necessary to consider whether the low-frequency sound insulation is sufficient. The main reason for the poor low-frequency sound insulation of the light wall is that the wall panel is relatively soft, it is difficult to block the low-frequency sound with large vibration amplitude and long wavelength. At the same time, the low-frequency sound absorption performance of the sound absorbing material in the cavity is also limited.
2) Factors affecting the sound insulation performance of light steel keel lightweight board partition wall
Keel: The better the elasticity of the keel, the better the sound insulation performance, especially the low frequency sound insulation. The elasticity of the light steel keel is better than that of the wooden keel, so the light steel keel light wall is 1-3dB higher than the wooden keel light wall. If the Z-type damping keel is used, the weighted sound insulation can be increased by 1-2dB. If the S-type damping strip is used on the keel, the weighted sound insulation can be increased by 2dB. If you use two layers of completely separated keels (without any connection between the keels), the amount of sound insulation can be increased by 5-7dB. The wider the keel, that is, the larger the cavity, the better the sound insulation performance. The 100-thick keel is about 1 dB higher than the 75-thick keel weighting sound insulation. The thinner the screw pitch of the wall panel is installed, the better the sound insulation performance is, because the sparse nail pitch makes the rigidity of the wall panel connection worse. It is determined that the nail distance of 300mm is 0.5dB higher than the nail distance weight of the 250mm. However, the nail pitch cannot be too sparse because the strength of the wall must be guaranteed.
Wallboard: In the experiment, it was found that the greater the areal density and the thinner the wallboard, the better the sound insulation performance. This is because the higher the density, the larger the amount of sound insulation, and the thinner the frequency at which the coincident valley appearing at the mid-high frequency shifts to a higher frequency, out of the frequency range of interest. For example, the same thickness of 75 keel double-sided single-layer 25mm thick filled cotton gypsum board wall with an anastomotic valley at 2500Hz, the weighted sound insulation is only 47dB, and 75 keel double-sided double-layer 12mm thick filled paper The anastomosis valley of the plasterboard wall is at 3150 Hz, and the effect of the anastomosis effect is weakened, and the weight of the weighted sound insulation is 50 dB. For wallboards such as GRC boards and calcium silicate boards, the density is higher than that of gypsum board, and the thickness is thinner than that of gypsum board, so it has better sound insulation performance. In addition, the use of different thickness of sheet composite, or the use of different materials of the sheet composite can shift the resonance and the matching frequency, which is conducive to improve the sound insulation, such as double-sided double-layer cotton with 10mm GRC board and 12mm plasterboard The weighted sound insulation of the light wall is 2dB higher than the light wall of the two-layer gypsum board, up to 52dB.
Filling cotton: The larger the thickness and bulk density of the filled glass wool, the better the sound absorption effect, because the sound is reflected back and forth in the cavity for many times, even if the reflection sound is small, the accumulation effect of multiple reflections is also Very large, so 5cm thick 24kg / m3 centrifugal glass wool is enough as a sound-absorbing material. The increase in sound insulation caused by thicker or larger density is very limited, generally does not increase the sound insulation of more than 1dB. . However, the centrifugal glass wool of 2.5 cm or less and less than 16 kg/m3 is too loose, and the sound absorption performance is too poor, so that the sound insulation amount is reduced by 2-3 dB. The sound insulation effect of 5cm thicker than 40kg/m3 rock wool and glass wool is similar. In theory, because the bulk density of rock wool is often larger than that of glass wool, the sound insulation has a slight advantage, but it is difficult to make a difference of 1dB. The idea that the rock wool sound insulation in the wall is better than the glass wool is not correct. It is also very important that the cotton in the cavity cannot be filled, which will cause the cotton to connect the two wall panels together, and the sound bridge will appear, so that the sound insulation is reduced. When filling cotton, try to ensure that the two sides of the cotton body are not in contact with the plate at the same time to prevent the sound bridge. If a 50mm thick C-shaped keel is used, the thickness of the filling should be less than 50mm, such as 25mm or 40mm rock wool or glass wool. Some designers believe that the cotton body needs to be filled, filled in the cavity, and there is no air layer between the plates, which is wrong. Experiments show that the sound insulation performance of full filling cotton will drop by 1-3dB. In addition, the uneven thickness of the cotton filling and the excessive rebound rate may cause the sound insulation to decrease due to the partial or large contact between the cotton sheet and the two sides of the sheet. The construction operation should be avoided as much as possible.
Slots and holes: If there are gaps and holes in the partition wall, the sound insulation of the partition wall will be greatly reduced. If the wall of the partition wall itself reaches 50dB, and the wall has one-tenth of a gap and a hole, the integrated sound insulation will drop to 40dB. In order to prevent gaps between the gypsum board wall and the original structure, plastic elastic strips are usually placed when the keel is installed around the wall. In addition, when there are two layers of gypsum board on each side, it should be installed by mistake, the inner layer can be unstitched, and only the outer layer is jointed, which has little effect on the sound insulation of the partition wall. However, each layer of the board must be jointed, otherwise the sound insulation will drop by 12-17dB.
Construction and other factors: The following factors affect the sound insulation not by the wallboard itself, but by negligence in design, construction, and overall structure. These factors sometimes cause the sound insulation of the plasterboard partition wall to drop very seriously.
â‘ æ¿ï¼æ¿ä¹‹é—´ç©ºè…”内填棉ä¸é¥±æ»¡ï¼Œæˆ–棉钉粘åˆä¸ç‰¢å›ºï¼Œè¿‡ä¸€æ®µæ—¶é—´åŽæ£‰ä½“下å （玻璃棉常出现这ç§æƒ…å†µï¼‰ï¼Œé€ æˆå‡ºçŽ°å¡«æ£‰ç¼éš™ã€‚严é‡æ—¶å¯èƒ½å¼•èµ·3ï¼5dB隔声é‡çš„下é™ã€‚
③隔墙外框和房屋结构刚性连接，未按规定垫入弹性垫æ¡ï¼Œç»“æž„å—è·å˜å½¢æˆ–ç»“æž„æŒ¯åŠ¨ï¼Œé€ æˆæ¿ç¼å¼€åˆ—，形æˆç¼éš™æ¼å£°ã€‚
④管é“穿墙，未按规定è¦æ±‚密å°å¤„ç†ï¼Œé€ æˆå”隙；电器开关盒ã€æ’销盒在墙上暗装，未按规定è¦æ±‚åšå†…嵌石è†æ¿ç›’隔声处ç†ï¼Œé€ æˆéš”声薄弱环节；甚至隔墙两边电器盒对装而ä¸åšä»»ä½•å¤„ç†ï¼Œéƒ½ä¼šå¤§å¤§é™ä½Žéš”声性能。
⑤在实际建ç‘物ä¸ï¼Œä¸¤ä¸ªæˆ¿é—´é™¤äº†éš”å¢™ä¼ å£°å¤–ï¼Œè¿˜æœ‰å…¶ä»–é€”å¾„å¼•èµ·å£°éŸ³ä»Žä¸€ä¸ªæˆ¿é—´è¿›å…¥å¦ä¸€ä¸ªæˆ¿é—´ï¼Œè¿™äº›é€”å¾„çš„ä¼ å£°ç§°ä¸ºä¾§å‘ä¼ å£°ï¼Œå¦‚åœ°é¢ç»“æž„ä¼ å£°ã€ä¾§å¢™ç»“æž„ä¼ å£°ã€é—¨çª—ä¼ å£°ã€ç®¡é“风é“ä¼ å£°ç‰ã€‚有些有åŠé¡¶çš„大房间用石è†æ¿éš”墙分隔æˆä¸€äº›å°é—´ï¼Œå› 为先åšçš„åŠé¡¶ï¼Œéš”墙åªåšåˆ°åŠé¡¶ä¸‹æ²¿ï¼Œè€Œæ²¡æœ‰å»¶ä¼¸åˆ°ç»“构层楼æ¿åº•ï¼Œå‡ºçŽ°åŠé¡¶å†…的侧å‘ä¼ å£°ï¼Œé€ æˆæˆ¿é—´å®žé™…隔声é‡æ¯”隔墙隔声é‡ä½Žå¾ˆå¤šã€‚
3）应用离心玻璃棉进行隔声处ç†çš„场åˆ
离心玻璃棉除了作为轻型墙体的腔体填充æ料进行隔声以外，还å¯ä»¥åœ¨çŸ³è†æ¿ã€é‡‘属æ¿ç‰åŠé¡¶å†…满铺形æˆéš”声åŠé¡¶ã€‚由于大é‡è½»åž‹å±‹ç›–é€æ¸åœ°å¹¿æ³›ä½¿ç”¨ï¼Œè¶Šæ¥è¶Šå¤šåœ°ä½¿ç”¨ç¦»å¿ƒçŽ»ç’ƒæ£‰ä½œä¸ºä¿æ¸©ã€éš”声顶棚或隔声åŠé¡¶ã€‚国家大剧院巨大的轻型屋盖结构为了隔ç»çŽ¯å¢ƒå™ªå£°å’Œé›¨å™ªå£°å°±åœ¨ä¸¤å±‚金属屋盖æ¿ä¹‹é—´åŠ 入了离心玻璃棉æ¿ï¼Œä½¿éš”声é‡è¾¾åˆ°42dBçš„è¦æ±‚。
在防ç«éš”声门ä¸ï¼Œå¸¸ä½¿ç”¨çŽ»ç’ƒæ£‰ä½œä¸ºå†…填棉æ高隔声性能。在åŒå±‚éš”å£°é—¨æˆ–éš”å£°çª—çš„æž„é€ ä¸ï¼Œéœ€è¦åœ¨ä¸¤å±‚门或窗四周边安装玻璃棉å¸å£°æ料（需è¦ç©¿å”æ¿æˆ–é€å£°ç»‡ç‰©ç½©é¢ï¼‰å½¢æˆå£°é—¸ï¼Œæ高隔声é‡ã€‚
在é“路隔声å±éšœä¸ï¼Œä¹Ÿå¸¸å¸¸ä½¿ç”¨çŽ»ç’ƒæ£‰ä½œä¸ºå†…添隔声æ料。
密å°çš„金属æ¿ç®±å†…部贴满玻璃棉ç‰å¸å£°ææ–™å¯ä»¥åˆ¶æˆéš”声罩为机器设备的é™å™ªã€‚与没有内部å¸å£°æ料的隔声罩相比，é™å™ªæ•ˆæžœå¯ä»¥æ高20dB，é™å™ªé‡è¾¾70dB。
å¦å¤–，在一些ä½å®…和公建ä¸ï¼Œç©¿è¿‡å®¤å†…的雨水管冲雨噪声或水管由于水压å˜åŒ–å½¢æˆçš„水锤振动噪声也使人们éžå¸¸çƒ¦æ¼ã€‚å¯ä»¥ä½¿ç”¨çŽ»ç’ƒæ£‰ï¼ˆé¡»ç»è¿‡é˜²æ°´é˜²æ½®å¤„ç†ï¼‰å¯¹ç®¡é“进行包裹，å†ä½¿ç”¨çŸ³è†æ¿æˆ–金属æ¿åšéš”声外层，处ç†å¾—当，能够获得20dB以上é™å™ªé‡ã€‚
四〠离心玻璃棉在楼æ¿æ’žå‡»å£°éš”声ä¸çš„应用
1）楼æ¿æ’žå‡»å£°éš”声原ç†
当楼æ¿ç‰å»ºç‘构件å—到撞击时，振动将在构件åŠå…¶è¿žæŽ¥ç»“æž„å†…ä¼ æ’，最åŽé€šè¿‡å¢™ä½“ã€é¡¶æ£šã€åœ°é¢ç‰å‘房间振动è¾å°„声音。振动在固体ä¸ä¼ æ’时的衰å‡å¾ˆå°ï¼Œåªè¦å›ºä½“æž„ä»¶ä¸€ç›´æ˜¯è¿žæŽ¥åœ¨ä¸€èµ·çš„ï¼ŒæŒ¯åŠ¨å°†ä¼šä¼ æ’很远，将耳朵贴在é“轨上å¯ä»¥å¬åˆ°å‡ 公里以外ç«è½¦è¡Œé©¶çš„声音就是这个原ç†ã€‚在建ç‘ä¸æŒ¯åŠ¨è¿˜æœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªç‰¹ç‚¹ï¼Œå°±æ˜¯å‘å››é¢å…«æ–¹ä¼ æ’，所有有固体连接的部分都会振动，在房间ä¸ï¼Œç”±äºŽå››å‘¨éƒ½ä¼šæŒ¯åŠ¨å‘声，往往很难辨别振动声æºçš„ä½ç½®ã€‚但是，如果固体构件是脱离的（哪怕åªæ˜¯éžå¸¸å°çš„ç¼éš™ï¼‰æˆ–构件之间å˜åœ¨å¼¹æ€§çš„å‡æŒ¯åž«å±‚ï¼ŒæŒ¯åŠ¨çš„ä¼ æ’将在这些ä½ç½®å¤„å—到æžå¤§çš„阻ç¢ï¼Œå½“使用弹簧或与弹簧效果类似的玻璃棉å‡æŒ¯åž«å±‚对楼æ¿è¿›è¡Œéš”振处ç†åŽï¼Œå°†æ高楼æ¿æ’žå‡»å£°éš”声的能力。
隔振楼æ¿å’Œä¸‹é¢çš„支撑弹性垫层构æˆäº†ä¸€ä¸ªå¼¹æ€§ç³»ç»Ÿï¼Œä¸€èˆ¬çš„隔振规律是，楼æ¿è¶Šé‡ã€åž«å±‚弹性越好ã€é™æ€ä¸‹æ²‰åº¦ï¼ˆæ¥¼æ¿åŽ‹ä¸ŠåŽ»ä»¥åŽçš„压缩é‡ï¼‰è¶Šå¤§ï¼Œéš”振效果就越好。8cm厚的混å‡åœŸæ¥¼æ¿æ¯”4cm的楼æ¿æ›´é‡ï¼Œå‡æŒ¯æ•ˆæžœæ›´å¥½ï¼›ä¸¤å±‚2.5cm厚的离心玻璃棉垫层的é™æ€ä¸‹æ²‰åº¦å¤§äºŽä¸€å±‚2.5cm厚的åŒæ ·åž«å±‚，å‡æŒ¯æ•ˆæžœè¦å¥½ä¸€äº›ã€‚压缩åŽçš„垫层必须处于弹性范围内，也就是说，将楼æ¿ç§»åŽ»åŽï¼Œåž«å±‚å¯ä»¥åœ¨å¼¹æ€§çš„作用下æ¢å¤åŽŸæ¥çš„厚度，如果垫层被压实而失去回弹性，将失去å‡æŒ¯æ•ˆæžœã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œä½¿ç”¨ç¦»å¿ƒçŽ»ç’ƒæ£‰åšå‡æŒ¯åž«å±‚时，需è¦ä½¿ç”¨å®¹é‡è¾ƒå¤§çš„垫层，防æ¢çŽ»ç’ƒæ£‰è¢«åŽ‹å®žï¼Œä¸Šå±‚æ··å‡åœŸè¶ŠåŽšé‡ï¼ŒçŽ»ç’ƒæ£‰å°±è¦è¶ŠåŽšï¼Œå®¹é‡ä¹Ÿéœ€è¦è¶Šå¤§ï¼Œä¸€èˆ¬å®¹é‡åº”大于96kg/m3。
在用于隔ç»æœºå™¨æŒ¯åŠ¨çš„å‡æŒ¯å°æˆ–å‡æŒ¯åœ°é¢æ—¶éœ€è¦æ›´åŠ 专业的设计，如果设计ä¸å½“ï¼Œé€ æˆå‡æŒ¯ç³»ç»Ÿçš„固有频率与机器的振动频率接近时，ä¸ä½†ä¸èƒ½èµ·åˆ°å‡æŒ¯ä½œç”¨ï¼Œè¿˜ä¼šä½¿æŒ¯åŠ¨åŠ 大，甚至æŸå机器åŠæ¥¼æ¿ç»“构。
2）离心玻璃棉楼æ¿éš”声垫层
楼æ¿æ’žå‡»å£°éš”声是建ç‘ä¸æœ€éš¾å¤„ç†çš„隔声部分之一。使用玻璃棉å‡æŒ¯åž«å±‚上é¢çŽ°æµ‡æ··å‡åœŸçš„åšæ³•å¯ä»¥èŽ·å¾—20-30dB以上的撞击声隔声效果，这ç§éš”振方法å«åšæµ®ç‘地é¢ã€‚对于ä½å®…，由于层高所é™ï¼Œä¸€èˆ¬çš„åšæ³•æ˜¯ä½¿ç”¨2.5cm厚（压缩åŽä¸º2cmå·¦å³ï¼‰96-150kg/m3的离心玻璃棉åšåž«å±‚，上铺一层塑料布或1mmèšä¹™çƒ¯æ³¡æ²«åšé˜²æ°´å±‚，å†çŒæ³¨4cm厚的混å‡åœŸå½¢æˆæµ®ç‘地æ¿ã€‚è¿™ç§åšæ³•å·²ç»åœ¨åŒ—äº¬æ ¼æž—å°é•‡æˆ¿åœ°äº§å¼€å‘ä¸å¾—以应用，效果éžå¸¸è‰¯å¥½ï¼Œç»å®žæµ‹ï¼Œæ™®é€šæ°´æ³¥åœ°é¢çš„Lpn，w=78dB，这ç§æµ®ç‘地æ¿çš„Lpn，w=56dB，隔声性能æ高了22dB。在有楼æ¿éš”声è¦æ±‚的公建ä¸ï¼Œå¦‚æ¼”æ’室ã€å½•éŸ³å®¤æˆ–上部房间为çƒé¦†åŠè¿ªæ–¯ç§‘舞厅的地æ¿åšæ³•æ˜¯ï¼Œä½¿ç”¨5cm厚（压缩åŽä¸º4.5cmå·¦å³ï¼‰150-200kg/m3的离心玻璃棉åšåž«å±‚，上铺一层塑料布或1mmèšä¹™çƒ¯æ³¡æ²«åšé˜²æ°´å±‚，å†çŒæ³¨8-10cm厚的混å‡åœŸã€‚ç»å®žæµ‹ï¼Œè¿™ç§åœ°é¢åšæ³•çš„Lpn，w达到44dB， 隔声性能æ高了34dB。
使用离心玻璃棉åšæµ®ç‘地æ¿æ—¶éœ€éžå¸¸æ³¨æ„å‡ ä¸ªé—®é¢˜ã€‚ä¸€æ˜¯çŽ»ç’ƒæ£‰å®¹é‡ä¸èƒ½è¿‡ä½Žï¼Œå¦åˆ™çŽ»ç’ƒæ£‰å°†è¢«åŽ‹å®žï¼Œå¤±åŽ»å›žå¼¹æ€§ï¼Œæ— 法起到å‡æŒ¯æ•ˆæžœã€‚二是混å‡åœŸå¿…é¡»é…ç‹ï¼Œé˜²æ¢åœ°é¢æ–裂，å¯ä»¥é‡‡ç”¨Î¦6çš„é’¢ç‹é—´è·20cm排列；é…ç‹æ—¶ï¼Œå¿…须防æ¢åˆºç ´é˜²æ°´å±‚è€Œé€ æˆæ··å‡åœŸæµ‡çŒæ—¶çŽ»ç’ƒæ£‰æ¸—水。还有一点是，ä¸èƒ½å‡ºçŽ°ä¸¤å±‚地é¢ä¹‹é—´çš„硬连接，如水管ã€é’¢ç‹ç‰ï¼Œè¿™æ ·ä¼šå¯¼è‡´å£°æ¡¥ä¼ 声；浇çŒåœ°é¢ä¸Žå¢™é¢è¿žæŽ¥å¤„应使用玻璃棉ã€æ©¡èƒ¶åž«éš”开，防æ¢å¢™ä½“将两层地é¢è¿žæŽ¥åœ¨ä¸€èµ·ã€‚[page]
五〠离心玻璃棉在空调管é“消声ä¸çš„应用
通风管é“ä¸äº§ç”Ÿçš„振动噪声和气æµå™ªå£°æ˜¯ç©ºè°ƒç³»ç»Ÿä¸è¾ƒå¤§çš„问题，在音ä¹åŽ…ã€ä¼šå ‚ã€é…’店客房ã€åŠžå…¬å®¤ç‰ç©ºé—´ä¸å¾€å¾€ç”±äºŽé€šé£Žç³»ç»Ÿçš„é—®é¢˜é€ æˆå™ªå£°ä¸èƒ½è¾¾æ ‡ã€‚使用é“皮风é“的通风系统ä¸ï¼Œç®¡é“ä¸èƒ½èµ·åˆ°è‰¯å¥½çš„消声作用，风机产生的噪声会沿ç€ç®¡é“ä¼ æ’到室内。由于é“皮很薄，气æµå’Œé£Žæœºçš„振动也会使é“皮共振，形æˆäºŒæ¬¡å™ªå£°ã€‚æ°”æµå–·å‡ºé£Žå£æ—¶ï¼Œè‹¥ç¼ºä¹æœ‰æ•ˆçš„æ¶ˆå£°ï¼Œä¹Ÿä¼šå› æ‘©æ“¦äº§ç”Ÿé£Žå£å†ç”Ÿå™ªå£°ã€‚
为了é™ä½Žé£Žæœºäº§ç”Ÿçš„噪声，需è¦ä½¿ç”¨æ¶ˆå£°å™¨ã€‚常è§çš„消声器是é“皮管é“内表é¢ä½¿ç”¨çŽ»ç’ƒæ£‰åŠ ç©¿å”é€å£°é¥°é¢ï¼ˆé˜²æ¢çŽ»ç’ƒçº¤ç»´è¢«æ°”æµå¸¦èµ°ï¼‰å¸å£°å¤„ç†çš„阻性消声器，消声的原ç†æ˜¯åˆ©ç”¨äº†å¸å£°æ料对气æµäº§ç”Ÿçš„声阻。阻性消声器按气æµé€šé“çš„å‡ ä½•å½¢çŠ¶ä¸åŒï¼Œå¯åˆ†ä¸ºç›´ç®¡å¼ã€ç‰‡å¼ã€è¿·é“å¼ã€éšœæ¿å¼ã€å¼¯å¤´å¼ç‰å½¢å¼ã€‚一般说æ¥ï¼Œé˜»æ€§æ¶ˆå£°å™¨å…·æœ‰è‰¯å¥½çš„ä¸é«˜é¢‘消声特性，对低频消声性能较差。为了æ高阻性消声器的消声性能，å¯é€‚å½“å¢žåŠ æ¶ˆå£°å™¨ä¸ç¦»å¿ƒçŽ»ç’ƒæ£‰å¸å£°æ料的容é‡å’ŒåŽšåº¦ï¼Œå¹¶æ高饰é¢æ料的穿å”率。
å¯ä»¥å°†çŽ»ç’ƒæ£‰æ¿ç›´æŽ¥åˆ¶æˆæ¶ˆå£°ç®¡é“，用于管é“æ¶ˆå£°ï¼Œå› ä¸ºè¿™ç§äº§å“消声性能好，易于安装，åˆå…·æœ‰ä¿æ¸©éš”çƒæ€§èƒ½ï¼Œè¢«ç§°ä¸ºâ€œè¶…级风管â€ã€‚超级风管的内表é¢éœ€è¦èƒ¶åŒ–处ç†ï¼Œä»¥é˜²æ°´è’¸æ°”渗入，åŒæ—¶é˜²æ¢çº¤ç»´è„±è½ï¼›å¤–表é¢ç²˜åˆä¸€å±‚å¼ºåº¦åŠ å¼ºçš„é“薄膜，作为外ä¿æŠ¤å±‚å…¼çƒå射层。使用玻璃棉超级风管的通风系统，由于在管é“å…¨é•¿ä¸Šéƒ½æœ‰æ¶ˆå£°ä½œç”¨ï¼Œå› æ¤æ¶ˆå£°ä½œç”¨éžå¸¸æ˜Žæ˜¾ã€‚å¦å¤–，消声风管在防æ¢æˆ¿é—´å’Œæˆ¿é—´ä¹‹é—´å› 为管é“相通形æˆçš„声音串扰方é¢ä¹Ÿæœ‰å¾ˆå¥½æ•ˆæžœã€‚
å…〠离心玻璃棉与其他建ç‘声å¦æ料的对比
1）离心玻璃棉与岩棉的对比离心玻璃棉的建ç‘声å¦ç‰¹æ€§ä¸Žå²©æ£‰æ¯”è¾ƒç±»ä¼¼ï¼Œå› ä¸ºç¦»å¿ƒçŽ»ç’ƒæ£‰çš„çº¤ç»´æ¯”å²©æ£‰çš„çº¤ç»´æ›´ç»†ï¼Œå› æ¤åœ¨ç›¸åŒå®¹é‡çš„æ¡ä»¶ä¸‹ï¼Œå‰è€…的声å¦æ€§èƒ½è¦ä¼˜äºŽåŽè€…，或者说，低容é‡çš„离心玻璃棉与高容é‡çš„岩棉å¯èƒ½å…·æœ‰ç›¸åŒçš„声å¦æ€§èƒ½ã€‚例如相åŒåŽšåº¦çš„24kg/m3的玻璃棉æ¿ä¸Ž80kg/m3的岩棉æ¿çš„å¸å£°ã€éš”声ã€å‡æŒ¯ï¼ˆå®žé™…使用ä¸éœ€æ›´å¤§çš„容é‡ï¼‰çš„性能类似。
å¸å£°ã€éš”声ã€æ¥¼æ¿å‡æŒ¯åº”用ä¸ï¼Œç¦»å¿ƒçŽ»ç’ƒæ£‰å¯ä»¥ä¸Žå²©æ£‰äº’æ¢ä½¿ç”¨ï¼Œæ–½å·¥æ–¹æ³•åŸºæœ¬ä¸€è‡´ï¼Œé€ 价也基本相åŒã€‚例如，作为å¸å£°ä½¿ç”¨ï¼Œå¸¸ç”¨24kg/m3的离心玻璃棉æ¿ï¼Œä¹Ÿå¯ä»¥ä½¿ç”¨80kg/m3的岩棉æ¿ï¼›ä½œä¸ºè½»é’¢é¾™éª¨çŸ³è†æ¿å¢™ä½“的内填棉，既å¯ä»¥ä½¿ç”¨24kg/m3的离心玻璃棉æ¿ï¼Œä¹Ÿå¯ä»¥ä½¿ç”¨80kg/m3的岩棉æ¿ï¼›å¯¹äºŽä½å®…æµ®ç‘楼æ¿çš„å‡æŒ¯åž«å±‚，一般使用96kg/m3的离心玻璃棉æ¿æˆ–150kg/m3以上的岩棉æ¿ï¼Œä½¿ç”¨200kg/m3的离心玻璃棉æ¿å¯ä»¥èŽ·å¾—最大的å‡æŒ¯æ•ˆæžœï¼Œä½†è¶…过200kg/m3的离心玻璃棉难于生产，由于过于密实，å‡æŒ¯æ•ˆæžœä¼šå‡ºçŽ°é™ä½Žã€‚
2）离心玻璃棉与矿棉æ¿çš„对比
å¸å£°çŸ¿æ£‰å¤©èŠ±æ¿çš„é™å™ªç³»æ•°ä¸€èˆ¬åœ¨0.3-0.4ï¼Œå‡ ä¹Žæ¯”ç¦»å¿ƒçŽ»ç’ƒæ£‰æ¿ä½Žä¸€å€ã€‚矿棉æ¿æœ¬èº«å…·æœ‰è¾ƒå¥½çš„装饰性，而玻璃棉æ¿éœ€è¦è¦†ä»¥ç½©é¢ææ–™æ‰èƒ½åœ¨å»ºç‘ä¸ä½¿ç”¨ï¼Œç›¸æ¯”ä¹‹ä¸‹é€ ä»·æ˜¾ç„¶è¦é«˜å‡ºè¾ƒå¤šã€‚矿棉æ¿æ¯å¹³æ–¹ç±³çš„ä»·æ ¼ä¸€èˆ¬åœ¨20～30元人民å¸å·¦å³ï¼Œä½œä¸ºå¤©èŠ±æˆ–墙é¢ä½¿ç”¨çš„离心玻璃棉æ¿ä¸ºäº†é˜²æ¢å˜å½¢ï¼Œéœ€è¦80kg/m3以上的容é‡ï¼Œå†åŠ 上罩é¢é€å£°é˜²ç«ææ–™ï¼Œé€ ä»·æ¯å¹³ç±³è¾¾åˆ°200～300元人民å¸ã€‚ä¸è€ƒè™‘ä»·æ ¼å› ç´ ï¼Œå•ä»Žè£…饰效果和å¸å£°æ•ˆæžœä¸¤æ–¹é¢æ¥è®²ï¼Œå»ºç‘师往往更倾å‘于离心玻璃棉的æˆåž‹äº§å“。许多进å£ç¦»å¿ƒçŽ»ç’ƒæ£‰è½¯åŒ…墙æ¿æˆ–天花åŠé¡¶æ¿å› 其良好的装饰性ã€é˜²ç«æ€§ã€æ˜“于安装性ç‰åœ¨å¸‚场上éžå¸¸ç•…销。
3）离心玻璃棉与æ¤ç‰©çº¤ç»´ç´ 喷涂æ料的对比
有一ç§æ¤ç‰©çº¤ç»´å–·æ¶‚å¸å£°ææ–™é™¤ä»·æ ¼ä»¥å¤–ï¼Œåœ¨å¾ˆå¤šæ–¹é¢æ€§èƒ½éƒ½è¦ä¼˜äºŽç¦»å¿ƒçŽ»ç’ƒæ£‰æˆ–岩棉，这ç§æ料的代表性产å“是美国生产的K13。K13的原料是木æ粉碎åŽå¹¶ç»é˜²ç«å¤„ç†çš„木屑，使用时与特制胶水混åˆè¿›è¡Œå–·æ¶‚。K13å¯ä»¥å–·æ¶‚在å„ç§å¢™é¢ã€é¡¶æ£šç‰å¤„，干燥固化以åŽè§†è§‰æ•ˆæžœç±»ä¼¼äºŽæ™®é€šç²‰åˆ·ç™½å¢™ã€‚ K13的容é‡å¤§çº¦100kg/m2å·¦å³ï¼Œ5cm厚é™å™ªç³»æ•°NRCå¯è¾¾0.9。由于K13施工简便ã€è£…饰效果佳ã€å¸å£°æ•ˆæžœå¥½ï¼Œå› æ¤ç¾Žå›½ç‰å‘达国家的体育馆ã€é¤é¦†ã€æ¼”讲大厅ç‰å¹¿æ³›ä½¿ç”¨ã€‚K13在美国已ç»æœ‰50å‡ å¹´çš„åŽ†å²äº†ï¼Œåˆšåˆšè¿›å…¥æˆ‘国。K13在轻体隔墙的隔声ä¸ä¹Ÿå…·æœ‰ä¸€å®šä¼˜åŠ¿ï¼Œè½»é’¢é¾™éª¨çº¸é¢çŸ³è†æ¿éš”墙系统ä¸ï¼Œå®‰è£…一é¢çš„墙æ¿åŽï¼Œåœ¨é¾™éª¨ç©ºè…”ä¸å–·æ¶‚5cm厚的K13，å†å®‰è£…å¦ä¸€é¢å¢™æ¿ï¼Œè¿™æ ·æž„é€ çš„75é¾™åŒé¢åŒå±‚12mm纸é¢çº¸é¢çŸ³è†æ¿çš„计æƒéš”声é‡å¯è¾¾55dB，比åŒæ ·æž„é€ çš„å†…å¡«çŽ»ç’ƒç»µçš„éš”å¢™éš”å£°é‡æ高3-5dB。K13之所以具有良好的隔声性能，一是由于喷涂对处ç†å¢™æ¿ä¹‹é—´çš„ç¼éš™æœ‰å¯†å°ä½œç”¨ï¼ŒäºŒæ˜¯å–·æ¶‚æ料与墙æ¿ç²˜è¿žåœ¨ä¸€èµ·ï¼Œå¢žåŠ 了墙æ¿çš„阻尼，使墙æ¿éš”声é‡æ高。但是，K13喷涂以åŽï¼Œå¿…须在完全干é€ä»¥åŽæ‰èƒ½å®‰è£…外层石è†æ¿ï¼Œç»™æ–½å·¥å¸¦æ¥ä¸€å®šä¸ä¾¿ã€‚
4）离心玻璃棉与èšè‹¯ã€èšæ°¨é…¯æ料的对比
èšè‹¯ã€èšæ°¨é…¯ï¼ˆè¿™é‡ŒæŒ‡çš„是é—å”èšæ°¨é…¯ï¼‰ç‰æ料是良好的ä¿æ¸©æ料，但ä¸æ˜¯è‰¯å¥½çš„建ç‘声å¦æ料。这些æ料内部虽有大é‡å”隙，但相互之间ä¸è¿žé€šï¼Œå› æ¤åŸºæœ¬æ²¡æœ‰å¸å£°æ€§èƒ½ã€‚由于没有å¸å£°æ€§èƒ½ï¼Œåœ¨è½»åž‹å¢™ä½“内使用也没有æ高隔声é‡çš„作用，例如内芯为100mm厚èšè‹¯çš„压型钢æ¿ï¼ˆé’¢æ¿åŽšåº¦0.5mm，一é¢ä¸€å±‚）的计æƒéš”声é‡åªèƒ½è¾¾åˆ°30dBå·¦å³ï¼Œä¸Žä¸€å±‚12mm厚的纸é¢çŸ³è†æ¿è¿‘似。èšè‹¯ã€èšæ°¨é…¯ä¸å…·æœ‰è‰¯å¥½çš„回弹性，当作为楼æ¿åž«å±‚æ—¶ä¸èƒ½èµ·åˆ°å’ŒçŽ»ç’ƒæ£‰ä¸€æ ·çš„å‡æŒ¯æ•ˆæžœï¼Œæ®æµ‹å®šï¼Œ2.5cm厚的èšè‹¯çš„撞击声隔声改善é‡æœ€å¤šèƒ½è¾¾åˆ°7dB，而且主è¦éš”振频率åªæœ‰é«˜é¢‘。认为èšè‹¯ã€èšæ°¨é…¯ä¸ŽçŽ»ç’ƒæ£‰ä¸€æ ·å…·æœ‰å£°å¦æ€§èƒ½çš„认识是错误的，有人认为，使用èšè‹¯ä½œä¸ºå¤–墙ä¿æ¸©æ—¶ä¹Ÿèµ·åˆ°äº†éš”声作用ã€ä½¿ç”¨èšè‹¯åšåœ°é¢é‡‡æš–ä¿æ¸©åž«å±‚时也起到地æ¿å‡æŒ¯ä½œç”¨ï¼Œè¿™æ˜¯ä¸æ£ç¡®çš„。å¦å¤–，èšè‹¯ã€èšæ°¨é…¯çš„防ç«ç‰¹æ€§ä¹Ÿæ¯”玻璃棉è¦å·®å¾—多。
七〠建ç‘声å¦ä¸ç›¸å…³çš„å›½å®¶æ ‡å‡†
1）GB3096-93ã€ŠåŸŽå¸‚åŒºåŸŸçŽ¯å¢ƒå™ªå£°æ ‡å‡†ã€‹
规定了ä¸åŒåŒºåŸŸçŽ¯å¢ƒå™ªå£°çš„上é™ï¼ŒæŒ‡æ ‡å¦‚下：
æ ‡å‡†è§„å®šï¼ŒåŸŽå¸‚åŒºåŸŸçŽ¯å¢ƒå™ªå£°çš„æµ‹é‡ä½ç½®åœ¨å±…ä½çª—外或厂界外1ç±³å¤„ã€‚ä¸€èˆ¬åœ°ï¼Œå®¤å¤–çŽ¯å¢ƒå™ªå£°é€šè¿‡æ‰“å¼€çš„çª—æˆ·ä¼ å…¥å®¤å†…å¤§è‡´æ¯”å®¤å†…ä½Ž10dB。
2）GBJ118-88《民用建ç‘隔声设计规范》
规定了ä½å®…ã€å¦æ ¡å»ºç‘ã€æ—…馆建ç‘ã€åŒ»é™¢å»ºç‘ç‰å®¤å†…噪声å…è®¸æ ‡å‡†ã€åˆ†æˆ·å¢™ç©ºæ°”å£°éš”å£°æ ‡å‡†ã€æ¥¼æ¿æ’žå‡»å£°éš”å£°æ ‡å‡†ã€‚å¯¹ä½å®…ï¼Œæ ‡å‡†è§„å®šï¼š
室内å…许噪声级
ç©ºæ°”å£°éš”å£°æ ‡å‡†
æ’žå‡»å£°éš”å£°æ ‡å‡†
注：当确有困难时，å¯å…许三级楼æ¿è®¡æƒæ ‡å‡†åŒ–撞击声压级å°äºŽç‰äºŽ85dB，但在楼æ¿æž„é€ ä¸Šåº”é¢„ç•™æ”¹å–„çš„å¯èƒ½æ¡ä»¶ã€‚
3）GB50096-1999《ä½å®…设计规范》
5.3.1 ä½å®…çš„å§å®¤ã€èµ·å±…室（厅）内的å…许噪声级(A声级)昼间应å°äºŽæˆ–ç‰äºŽ50dB，夜间应å°äºŽæˆ–ç‰äºŽ40dB。分户墙与楼æ¿çš„空气声计æƒéš”声é‡åº”大于或ç‰äºŽ40dB。楼æ¿çš„计æƒæ ‡å‡†åŒ–撞击声压级宜å°äºŽæˆ–ç‰äºŽ75dB。
5.3.2 ä½å®…çš„å§å®¤ã€èµ·å±…室（厅）宜布置在背å‘声æºçš„一侧。
5.3.3 电梯ä¸åº”与å§å®¤ã€èµ·å±…室（厅）紧邻布置。凡å—æ¡ä»¶é™åˆ¶éœ€è¦ç´§é‚»å¸ƒç½®æ—¶ï¼Œå¿…须采å–隔声å‡æŒ¯æŽªæ–½ã€‚
4) JGJ37-87《民用建ç‘设计通则》
ç¬¬äº”ç« å®¤å†…çŽ¯å¢ƒè¦æ±‚
第三节隔声
5.3.1 æ¡
（一） 建ç‘物å„类主è¦ç”¨æˆ¿çš„å…许噪声级ä¸åº”大于下表规定。
（二） 建ç‘物å„类主è¦ç”¨æˆ¿çš„隔墙和楼æ¿çš„空气声计æƒéš”声é‡(Rw)ä¸åº”å°äºŽ40dB，楼æ¿çš„计æƒå½’一化撞击声压级(Ln，w)ä¸åº”大于75dB。
5.3.2 æ¡
（一） 大æ¿ã€å¤§æ¨¡æ¿ç‰æ•´ä½“性较强的建ç‘物，应对附ç€äºŽå¢™ä½“和楼æ¿çš„ä¼ å£°æºéƒ¨ä»¶é‡‡å–隔振措施。
（二） 凡有噪声的振动设备用房ä¸åº”在主è¦ç”¨æˆ¿çš„直接上层或贴邻布置，并对设备和管é“采å–å‡æŒ¯ã€æ¶ˆå£°å¤„ç†ã€‚
（三） 安é™è¦æ±‚较高的房间内设置åŠé¡¶æ—¶ï¼Œåº”å°†éš”å¢™ç Œè‡³æ¥¼æ¿åº•é¢ï¼›é‡‡ç”¨è½»è´¨éš”墙时，应æ高其隔声性能。
5）〈北京市“ä¹äº”â€ä½å®…å»ºè®¾æ ‡å‡†ã€‰
ç¬¬ä¸‰ç« ä½¿ç”¨åŠŸèƒ½æ ‡å‡†
æœ¬æ ‡å‡†ç¼–åˆ¶è¯´æ˜Žï¼š
3.0.6 ä½å®…隔声è¦æ±‚：分户墙和楼æ¿å‡åº”满足ä½å®…éš”å£°æ ‡å‡†çš„è¦æ±‚，分户墙空气声隔声é‡åº”大于45dB，楼æ¿æ’žå‡»å£°åŽ‹çº§åº”å°äºŽ75dB。
6）GBJ75-84《建ç‘隔声测é‡è§„范》
规定了实验室ã€çŽ°åœºæµ‹é‡ç©ºæ°”声隔声和楼æ¿æ’žå‡»å£°éš”声的方法。
7）GBJ47-83《混å“室法å¸å£°ç³»æ•°æµ‹é‡è§„范》
规定了实验室æ¡ä»¶ä¸‹ï¼Œä½¿ç”¨æ··å“室法测é‡ææ–™å¸å£°ç³»æ•°çš„方法。
8）GBJ76-84ã€ŠåŽ…å ‚æ··å“时间测é‡è§„范》
规定了混å“时间测é‡çš„方法。
9）GBJ121-88《建ç‘éš”å£°è¯„ä»·æ ‡å‡†ã€‹
规定了空气声隔声计æƒéš”声é‡Rw的评价方法和楼æ¿æ’žå‡»å£°éš”å£°æ ‡å‡†åŒ–æ’žå‡»å£°åŽ‹çº§Lpn，w的评价方法。
10）其他
在《剧场建ç‘设计规范》(JGJ57-88)ä¸è§„定：观众å¸èƒŒæ™¯å™ªå£°â‰¦NR30为甲ç‰ï¼Œ ≦NR35为乙ç‰ã€ä¸™ç‰ã€‚å½±å“观众å¸èƒŒæ™¯å™ªå£°çš„主è¦å› ç´ æ˜¯ç©ºè°ƒæ°”æµï¼Œä»¥åŠå¤–ç•Œå™ªå£°ä¼ å…¥ã€ç¯å…‰ã€èˆžå°æœºæ¢°ç‰ã€‚在《电影院建ç‘设计规范》(JGJ58-88)ä¸è§„定：观众å¸èƒŒæ™¯å™ªå£°â‰¦40dB(A)为甲ç‰ï¼Œ ≦45dB(A)为乙ç‰ã€ä¸™ç‰ã€‚在《办公建ç‘设计规范》(JGJ67-89)ä¸è§„定办公用房ã€ä¼šè®®å®¤ã€æŽ¥å¾…室的噪声≦55dB(A)，电è¯æ€»æœºæˆ¿ã€è®¡ç®—机房ã€é˜…览室噪声50dB(A)。录音室ã€æ¼”æ’室ç‰ä½ŽèƒŒæ™¯å™ªå£°è¦æ±‚高的场åˆï¼Œä¸€èˆ¬è¦æ±‚背景噪声低于30dB(A)。
This liquid-cooled cabinet uses stable and customized insulating oil. The circulating insulating oil can absorb the heat generated by the high-power heating equipment immersed in the oil. The final heat is transferred by the high-efficiency water-cooling device. No fans are involved in the whole process (remove the cooling fan and the power supply fan) , Oil circulation uses silent high temperature resistant oil pump, efficient water circulation heat dissipation, achieves the best energy efficiency ratio of machine and liquid cooling cabinet, quiet and stable, and brings higher benefits to your business!
4 Advantages of immersion oil cooling system
1. +50% profit
Overclocking and fine-tuning with custom firmware effects from 40% to 50% more profit. It may require mechanical adaptation, additional overclocking PSU, or custom immersion firmware!
2. 80% Reduced failure rate
Reducing the influence of high temperature, humidity, dust, and vibration can reduce the equipment failure rate by 80% and the equipment operation and maintenance cost by 85%
3. Easy to install &Safe
The unit's design focuses on simplicity and safe operation. You can operate the system immediately upon receiving it, which reduces your construction and installation costs and MAXIMIZES YOUR PROFITS.
4. Noiseless running
Immersion in the liquid fully protects from temperature, humidity, dust and vibration or fire.
No fans = no noise, more profit , less downtime & less maintenance.
No fans = no noise, more profit , less downtime & less maintenance.
immersion cooling,oil immersion cooling,immersion cooling mining,immersion cooling asic,immersion cooling s19
Shenzhen YLHM Technology Co., Ltd. , https://www.hkcryptominer.com