Motor vehicles are about to become history, and hydrogen fuel safety issues need to be solved urgently

In China, when it comes to the electrification of cars, many people think of pure electric vehicles that cannot be separated from charging piles. Since hydrogen is an inexhaustible source of energy on the earth, hydrogen fuel is currently recognized as a clean energy source, and when driving a car, only water vapor, no carbon dioxide, is truly zero emissions, so it is regarded as The ultimate solution for power-saving and emission-reducing electric vehicles.

A few days ago, Jiangsu Rugao had a "Second International Fuel Cell Vehicle Conference". At the conference, the reporter saw Mirai, a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle that Toyota is promoting worldwide.

For most people, Toyota's hybrid technology may be the most familiar “business card” for the brand, but the hydrogen fuel technology represented by Mirai is actually the car brand, and maybe even the world's energy future. In the moment a figurative epitome.

Since humans have tried to raise the first bonfires that represent civilization, carbon has always played an indispensable role in the human energy system. Every human being, after launching into modern civilization, every bullet that is fired, It is also the industrial wheel driven by the steam engine. We are all inseparable from the energy released by the chemical conversion of carbon. On the one hand, with the irreversible impact of the massive utilization of carbon energy on the environment, on the other hand, the demand for more powerful energy proposed by technological advancement and social structure upgrading, replacing “carbon” with “hydrogen” has become an unavoidable The fate of energy.

The main propulsion engine of the space shuttle uses liquid hydrogen liquid oxygen as fuel (1:6 ratio)

In the aerospace field, the history of the use of liquid hydrogen liquid oxygen as a fuel has long existed. Compared with traditional rocket fuels such as liquid oxygen kerosene and dimethyl hydrazine, the heat value of liquid hydrogen is high, and liquid hydrogen liquid oxygen can provide the maximum as rocket fuel. However, in the automotive industry, the use of hydrogen as an energy source technology has not left the laboratory.

In the space shuttle transport vehicle, the orange huge fuel tank stores liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.

First of all, hydrogen fuel is not easy to store because hydrogen has a very high calorific value only after liquefaction (hydrogen is present in liquid form as a rocket fuel), but the boiling point of liquid hydrogen is minus 252 degrees Celsius, so it is large-scale With hydrogen fuels, a series of techniques must be developed to maintain the stability of liquid hydrogen. In the aerospace field, liquid hydrogen liquid oxygen as a fuel is only poured into the fuel tank within 24 hours before the launch of the rocket, so there is no need to maintain low temperature (the rocket fuel tank itself has a heat preservation effect, and the rocket engine working time Very short, in seconds).

The high-pressure hydrogen tanks of Toyota fuel cell vehicles are made from a variety of composite materials.

Secondly, under the prior art conditions, hydrogen is stored in a hydrogen tank in the form of a high-pressure gas. Considering that the molecular volume of hydrogen is very small (H2), hydrogen is very easily escaped to the outside through the molecular gap of the vessel wall. space. Therefore, the design and manufacture of hydrogen tanks is a problem in the process of hydrogen storage and transportation;

Finally, in the hydrogen fuel cell system, the reactor responsible for contacting the two elements of hydrogen and oxygen and generating a chemical reaction to generate electricity is the core technology of the hydrogen fuel cell. At the moment, how to design a stack to generate more efficient power, smaller size, lighter weight, lower dependence on precious metals (the current hydrogen fuel cell requires a lot of platinum) and better environmental adaptability ( Low temperature start-up) is still no small challenge.

For these reasons, many auto companies, including some of the top European auto companies, have explored hydrogen fuel cell technology as a new energy technology similar to final polarization after exploring new energy sources, because the technology is almost completely realized. The goal of "decarbonization and hydrogenation" in the sense. Behind this, many companies have abandoned halfway on the road of hydrogen fuel cell technology research and development, and use pure electric vehicle technology as a compromise story.

However, for Toyota, hydrogen is always the ultimate new energy target for Toyota's mirai. In essence, Mirai is a more complicated electric vehicle, but it has the same convenience as the traditional fuel vehicle in terms of battery life and ease of use. It is believed that it has a longer time than electric vehicles. Better competitive advantage. What's more, the current Mirai fuel cell system uses a lot of off-the-shelf technology in the Prius hybrid system, which also greatly reduces its manufacturing costs. Therefore, even if the original Mirai cost is as high as 100 million yen per vehicle, Toyota Still not giving up this technology and is committed to reducing its cost step by step to the level of 7 million yen that is currently acceptable.

Everyone mentions "hydrogen", and there is always a feeling of "unsafe". In this respect, everyone is familiar with the flammability of hydrogen (the explosion limit of hydrogen in the air is 4% to 74.2%). This is a very Niubility data. On the other hand, people who have a little understanding of aviation history will also remember the tragedy of the German Zeppelin airship.

But can we say that Mirai carrying two hydrogen tanks is not safe? In fact, the car cloud bacteria feel that this problem should be dialectical: First of all, everyone's safety disputes against hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, almost all focused on the matter of hydrogen, the resulting risks are nothing but two, one is high-pressure hydrogen The danger of tank explosion, the other is the danger of hydrogen burning.

As far as the first danger is concerned, any manufacturer's hydrogen tank will undergo extreme conditions such as puncture, impact, fire, etc. when it leaves the factory, and design a system strategy that is sufficient to ensure the safety of the hydrogen tank itself. Let a hydrogen tank explosion pose a threat, and the external conditions may be complicated enough to be described in theory.

Secondly, the purification technology of hydrogen at the moment has reached a very advanced level, which is quite different from the era when the Zeppelin airship floated on the sky. At this time, the hydrogen stored in the hydrogen tank is present in an extremely high purity, and the possibility of spontaneous combustion is zero. If the hydrogen tank of a hydrogen fuel vehicle is under the same conditions, like the fuel tank of a conventional fuel vehicle, some characteristics of hydrogen will make the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle safer than the conventional fuel vehicle.

Mirai's hydrogenation port

In some tests, when the hydrogen tank is controlled or uncontrolled, the high-pressure hydrogen will be flushed out of the hydrogen tank at a very high speed. Since the concentration of hydrogen in the environment will become extremely high in an instant, The possibility of detonation with air is very low (when leaving the concentration to talk about burning is flowing), the high-pressure hydrogen flow at this time may destroy some flames; at the same time, because the molecular weight of hydrogen is very light, the hydrogen in the air will Quickly escape to the top of the accident site at a very fast speed. This is safer than when the traditional fuel car leaks in the fuel tank and the gasoline is distributed to the accident site and provides the flame material.

However, if a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle leaks hydrogen in a relatively confined space, the risk is really difficult to predict, because you can't strictly prohibit hydrogen fuel cell vehicles from entering underground parking lots, but in the future, It is estimated that with the promotion of hydrogen fuel cell technology, some infrastructure construction will certainly take into account the safety design in this regard.

After leaving the safety issue of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, what we must face is the direct and indirect advantages that hydrogen fuel cell vehicles can bring us.

First of all, the direct advantage is that hydrogen will become the ultimate clean energy. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles emit only water and pure water. As long as it can solve the problem of emissions in the hydrogen production and manufacturing process, the impact on the environment in the use of hydrogen fuel electric vehicles will have an unparalleled advantage compared to fuel vehicles (in fact, hydrogen fuel cells will also occur with the use of hydrogen fuel cells) Loss, and there are also batteries in the hydrogen fuel cell system, but both can be recycled through recycling.)

Toyota's hydrogen fuel bus

Secondly, the adoption of hydrogen energy will help to rationally improve the existing social energy structure and energy efficiency. Everyone knows that the power plants around us are “continuous workaholics” that are day and night, during peak hours. The power plant has played a life-saving power generation to make up for the lack of power supply; in the low electricity valley where we sleep, the power plant also needs to continue to generate electricity to meet the energy needs of “night shift” users. At this time, many of the electricity generated by the power plant is actually Wasted.

Therefore, if hydrogen can serve the society as a secondary or tertiary energy source, then when the primary and secondary energy supply is excessive, it is possible to use excess energy to generate electricity for hydrogen production, and then when the power is insufficient, This part of the hydrogen is converted into electricity. Around us, this kind of energy relationship that needs to “cut the peaks and fill the valley” abounds. The thermal power plants that are bored and work overtime in the middle of the night are examples of this. Wind power plants and solar power plants that rely absolutely on natural conditions are examples of this. It is a small hydropower system in some mountainous areas. It may also be a stable and reliable energy supply role because of the intervention of hydrogen energy. Before that, they were all stubborn goods that looked at the face of the day and said that they were completed.

At present, more than 50 large multinational companies (such as Google, Microsoft, and Coca-Cola) are using fixed hydrogen power systems. Globally, a total of 92 hydrogen refueling stations have been built in 2016, bringing the total to reach Close to the size of 300 seats.

In our ideal society for the future, hydrogen is likely to exist in all aspects of our lives and corners, and cars that run around the streets are likely to hear no more deafening engine roars. It seems to be bad news, and it doesn't put so much pressure on the environment.

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