Although the progress of hydrogen fuel is slower than that of electric vehicles, the team of fuel cell vehicles is still growing. In addition to the existing Honda Honda CLARITY and MIRAI on the market, BMW Audi has plans to launch a hydrogen fuel cell concept car. As a frontier research on fuel cells, GM and Honda also have cooperation plans. Domestic hydrogen fuel cell vehicles have made progress on commercial vehicles. For example, Yutong launched a 600-kilometer hydrogen energy bus in May, and Guangdong also announced the demonstration operation of hydrogen energy buses last week.
Similar to electric vehicles, in the process of propulsion of hydrogen fuel cells, in addition to cost, the supply of hydrogen energy is a major factor limiting its development. This supply includes several aspects, including hydrogen production, hydrogen transportation, and infrastructure construction at the hydrogen refueling station.
At present, the most widely used industrial hydrogen production method is still using fossil fuel or natural gas to produce hydrogen. Energy-intensive manufacturing processes and high costs, by-product carbon dioxide and dependence on fossil fuels remain constraints. Therefore, the research on the hydrogen production method has not stopped.
In the conventional hydrogen production method, the reaction of methane (CH4) in natural gas with water to produce hydrogen is a commonly used form. In this process, a large amount of carbon dioxide is generated. After the preparation is completed, hydrogen gas is required to be compressed into water to dissolve carbon dioxide for purification, thereby obtaining hydrogen having a higher purity. Carbon dioxide emissions are also a problem in and of themselves.
The same is the way of methane cracking that began in 1950. By thermally cracking methane at high temperatures (above 750 °C), two elements that make up methane: hydrogen and carbon, different from the previously mentioned, can be obtained. It does not produce carbon dioxide in this way. Carbon is present in the form of a solid powder, that is, graphite is formed.
A company founded in Australia in 2010, the Hazer Group is based on methane cracking to produce hydrogen. So where are their advantages?
In the conventional methane cracking hydrogen production process, there is a problem that requires a catalyst, nickel. Since methane cracking needs to be carried out at a high temperature, the function of the catalyst is to reduce the energy required for the cracking reaction, that is, to lower the temperature at which the reaction occurs, and the other is to produce solid carbon of higher purity. After methane cracking, 25% of the product is hydrogen and 75% is graphite. The value of graphite is related to its purity and crystallinity, and graphite is now used in the manufacture of lithium batteries, steel and carbon fibers, and it has a high industrial value.
As a rare metal, the cost of nickel has been high. Moreover, during the preparation process, the generated graphite powder adheres to the surface of the catalyst, and when the accumulated graphite reaches a certain level, it may affect the activity of the cracking reaction or cause the reaction to be stopped. In order to reuse the catalyst, it is necessary to treat the graphite powder attached to the surface, such as by burning it.
Whether it is the treatment of adsorbed graphite or the low utilization rate of graphite itself, it is the reason for the high cost of hydrogen production.
Hazer's approach is to replace nickel with iron ore. In comparison, the cost of iron ore is much lower. In an interview with the British Guardian, Hazer's director Geoff Pocock said that the way Hazer used was to let natural gas pass through heated iron ore for cracking. In this process, a portion of the hydrogen produced is used to power the system to heat the iron ore and the remaining hydrogen is produced. The graphite powder produced at the same time can be sold as a by-product to increase economic viability. Hazer's goal is to reduce the cost of hydrogen production to $0.5-0.75/kg.
Although carbon dioxide emissions are also produced during the mining of iron ore, Pocock said that this is not a problem with Hazer because they use very little iron ore. For every ton of iron ore used for catalysis, Hazer is able to produce 10 tons of hydrogen.
Can a beautiful ideal become a reality?If this set of roads can be perfectly implemented, of course it is very good, more than one arrow. Both hydrogen and graphite have a combination. The sale of graphite helps reduce costs and also reduces the amount of carbon dioxide emissions. But there are still some problems.
It is not only Hazer's research on methane cracking reactions. The Institute of Advanced Sustainability (IASS), a researcher at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany, announced in November last year the use of methane cracking to produce hydrogen. The initial cost of non-expiring is 1.9-3.3 Euro/kg. This cost is not considered. The value of by-product graphite. Of course, it is mentioned that because the technology is not fully mature at present, the estimation of the cost is not accurate enough.
The IASS and KIT team designed a new experimental reactor based on liquid metal technology that injects methane bubbles that break into hydrogen and graphite powder when they touch the surface of a liquid metal. The research team is still working on the reactor, including how to remove the attached graphite, and how to ensure the continuous and efficient operation of the reactor.
The improvement of process preparation technology is also a problem that Hazer faces. In the current Hazer's external technical documents, as well as in the Guardian's interview report, the preparation process has not been disclosed in detail, so there is no technical difficulty in this preparation process, and there is no understanding. The Guardian also found Dr. Ken Chiang, a chemical engineer at CSIRO, a Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, to understand the use of iron ore as a catalyst. Dr. Chiang did not comment on Hazer's manufacturing process, but mentioned that many research organizations are studying the use of iron ore as a new catalyst. The low cost of iron ore is an important factor in attracting research compared to rare metals. If proven to be viable, the cost of many chemical reactions will be significantly reduced.
Hazer is currently working with the University of Sydney's Sustainability Technology Lab. However, at present, Hazer's technology has not yet officially put into production. According to Pocock, by the end of 2017, Hazer's pilot plant will achieve a hydrogen production of 10-100 kg per day, which is the maximum output of 30 tons / year. However, if it is to reach a certain scale of industry, the annual output should be at least 10,000 tons. How to complete the verification from theory to actual mass production will be the biggest test for Hazer.
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