In optical communication networks, optical modules, optical fiber jumpers, active optical cables, etc. are relatively common and often heard by people. However, Yifeiyang Communication introduces another optical communication product, optical attenuator. Do you know what this is?
What is an optical attenuator?
The optical attenuator is to attenuate the optical power by a predetermined amount according to the requirements of the user, in order to make the optical receiver not produce saturation distortion, or to meet certain tests in the optical line (such as the sensitivity test of the system), or to balance more The optical power of the transmission branch is not the same. The optical attenuator has a dimmable optical attenuator and a fixed optical attenuator. Optical attenuator indicators: operating wavelength, return loss, attenuation and accuracy (attenuation range and resolution) and operating temperature, are often used to evaluate system losses and various tests.
What is the principle of the optical attenuator?
Fiber optic attenuators typically produce absorption by absorbing light, such as sunglasses that absorb additional light energy. Similarly, fiber optic attenuators have an operating wavelength range that absorbs light energy, at which point it should not reflect light because This can result in unwanted echo reflections in the fiber system. Another type of fiber attenuator utilizes a length of high loss fiber to reduce its input optical signal power in such a way that its output signal power is less than the input signal power. The optical power is reduced by absorption, reflection, diffusion, scattering, deflection, diffraction, and dispersion of optical signals.
(1) Air isolation technology: The transmission of light in the optical fiber is restricted by the law of total reflection and cannot be scattered to maintain the relative stability of the intensity. Once it is detached from the fiber, an air gap is added between the fiber and the fiber, and the light is scattered, causing attenuation of the light.
(2) Displacement misalignment technology: This method is to shift the misalignment of the cores of two optical fibers to achieve power loss.
(3) Attenuation fiber technology: According to the absorption of light by metal ions, an attenuating fiber with a doped metal ion is developed to penetrate the attenuating fiber into the ceramic ferrule. After special processing, a fixed attenuator of yin and yang can be fabricated.
(4) Absorbing glass method: The optically polished neutral absorbing glass sheet can also be applied to the production of an optical attenuator.
The main application of fiber attenuators
Optical fiber communication network, optical data network, optical fiber CATV network, high-power optical device measurement, line evaluation, connection between devices, adjustment, etc.
When is the optical attenuator used?
With the development of the optical communication industry and the improvement of the manufacturing level of the process, the loss of optical fiber devices such as optical cables and connectors is continuously reduced, which is smaller than the attenuation of the design, which may cause the optical receiver to receive more optical power than it Tolerance range, saturation distortion occurs. Therefore, in order to reduce the signal received by the optical receiver, it is necessary to use an optical attenuator to control the optical power within a certain range.
Please see the picture below:
The optical attenuator controls the range of optical power in optical fiber communication, thereby avoiding saturation distortion of optical power;
So what are the advantages and disadvantages of optical attenuators?
1. The air isolation technology has low content, simple implementation, small volume and low cost. Available in fixed and continuously adjustable versions. However, due to the abrupt change of the conductive optical medium, the refractive index of the core and the air interface is different, the input light will be internally emitted at the interface, and a part of the light is reflected back along the input path, resulting in a small return loss of the transmission line. It is difficult to meet the demanding line.
2. The displacement misalignment technology adopts ordinary optical fiber, the cost is low, and the fixed attenuation is realized, and the replaceable connector is used in the line. Its misalignment of the fiber also reduces return loss.
3. The attenuating fiber is specially designed to provide flat attenuation over the widest possible wavelength range. The consistent attenuation of ultra-wideband ensures that the product is fully compatible with DWDM, CATV and other communication systems now and in the future. The attenuation fiber geometry is the same as that of a normal single-mode fiber, ensuring a perfect fit with the ceramic ferrule, which allows the attenuator to have the same high return loss and small size as the connector. But only as a fixed attenuator.
4, light absorption glass can be fixed and adjustable. However, the development of the attenuator requires the use of a light collimator, requiring high coupling of the input and output ends, and requires high-precision debugging equipment and supporting parts. The implementation cost is higher.
5. Attenuators using solid-state optical attenuation technology can achieve continuous adjustment, but the technical aspects of these new technologies involve a wide range, high cost, and have different disadvantages such as temperature influence, reliability, and packaging. These technologies need to be further improved.
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